3/21/13
I.
Theodore
Roosevelt
A.
Background
1.
McKinley was
killed, and Theodore Roosevelt became president
2.
Roosevelt
considered himself progressive
a)
Progressives
were leftover Populists who became part of the mainstream parties. They took a lot of Populist ideas and
incorporated into Progressive ideas
b)
One of the
forerunners of the Progressive movement
3.
Very wealthy,
but distrusted wealthy men who misused their money
4.
Reelected in
1904
B.
Known as the
“trust buster”
1.
Ordered the
Justice Department to implement the rules of the ICC and stop favoring
corporations
2.
The first
corporation he went after was Northern Securities, a J.P. Morgan company
3.
He also went
against standard oil (Rockefeller)
4.
By the time
Roosevelt left office, he had indicted 25 monopolies
C.
Acts and stuff
1.
Hepburn Act 1906
a)
Increased the
ICC from 5 men to 7 men
b)
Insisted that
the ICC enforces the rules concerning railroads
2.
Pure Food and
Drug Act 1906
a)
Required
labeling drugs
3.
Meat Inspection
Act
a)
Federal
regulation of meat
b)
Factories had to
be inspected
4.
Immunity of Witness
Act 1906
a)
Corporate
officials could not take the 5th amendment to avoid testifying in
cases dealing with their corporation’s illegal activities
5.
One of the first
presidents interested in conservation
a)
If we don’t
conserve our natural resources we will run out
b)
Ahead of his
time with this idea
6.
Department of
Commerce and Labor became a new cabinet
7.
Anthracite Coal
Strike 1902
a)
Anthracite coal
is the most commonly used coal
b)
At the beginning
of the winter, the Anthracite coal miners went on strike
c)
Roosevelt decided
to act as an arbitrator, and he emerged as a friend of labor
8.
Panic in 1907
9.
1904 St. Louis
World’s Fair and Centennial of the Louisiana Purchase
D.
Square Deal-
Roosevelt’s Progressive program
E.
Progressives
1.
Took up a lot of
Populist ideas- felt that they picked up where the populists left off
2.
Evolutionary
change from above rather than revolutionary change from below
3.
Honest
government
4.
Labor
recognition- unions have the right to organize
5.
Gender equality
6.
End racial
segregation
7.
Child labor laws
8.
Prison reform- prisons
should be rehabilitative as well as punitive
9.
Regulation of
the Stock Market
10.
Direct election
of Senators
F.
Muckrakers
1.
Investigative
journalists and authors who exposed corruption in business and government
through their writing
2.
Roosevelt felt
that muckrakers unnecessarily stirred up trouble and were in many cases one
sided
3.
Famous
muckrakers
a)
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
b)
Ida Tarbell-
went after standard oil
G.
Foreign Policy
1.
Under Teddy
Roosevelt, foreign policy was very aggressive
2.
Helped Panama
gain its independence from Colombia, and we got control of the canal zone and
built the canal
3.
Roosevelt
Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine reinforced the idea that Europe was to stay
out of our hemisphere
4.
Teddy won a
Nobel Peace Prize for helping settle the Russo-Japanese War between Russia and
Japan
5.
Joined 2nd
Hague Conference
a)
Forerunner to
the League of Nations
b)
If nations sit
down and talk, there won’t be wars, tariffs, and problems
c)
Attempt to make
war less likely
6.
Dollar
Diplomacy- the best way to have diplomatic relations in another country is to
invest money in that country
H.
Election of 1908
1.
Candidates
a)
Republicans
(1)
Roosevelt opted
not to run and supported Taft of Ohio
(2)
Platform
(a)
Anti trust
(b)
Environmental
conservation
(c)
Lower tariffs
b)
Democrats
nominated William Jennings Bryan
(1)
Platform
(a)
Anti monopoly
(b)
Low tariffs
(2)
Even though the
two parties had basically the same platforms, the Republicans managed to link
Bryan to Populism which turned people against him
c)
Socialist
candidate- Eugene Debs
2.
Taft won by a
landslide, but the AFL publically supported Bryan (first time the unions
publicly endorsed a candidate)
II.
Taft Presidency
A.
Continued most
of Roosevelt’s policies, but not all of them
1.
Tariff reform
2.
Taft did not
continue Roosevelt’s ideas of conservation
3.
Power of the
Speaker of the House
a)
In those days,
the speaker was also head of the Rules Committee, which was too much power
b)
Taft didn’t
support the idea that these two powers should be split
B.
Progressives
backed a man named Pinchot, chief justice of the Forest Service
1.
He accused the
Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger, of giving the countries natural resources
to private concerns
2.
After
investigation, it was decided that Ballinger did nothing wrong
C.
16th
Amendment proposed (ratified in 1913)- graduated income tax
D.
Election of 1912
1.
Candidates
a)
Roosevelt was
really pissed at Taft so he decided he wanted to be president again, but the
Republican party did not want to nominate him again. Roosevelt created his own party, the Bull
Moose Party
(1)
Platform was New
nNtionalism
(2)
Basically a
continuation of his Progressive actions from before
b)
Taft was
nominated by the Republicans with his Quiet Confidence platform
c)
Democrats
nominated Woodrow Wilson with his New Freedom platform
2.
Wilson won
III.
Wilson
Presidency
A.
Wilson was the
second Democrat elected president since the Civil War
B.
William Jennings
Bryan was Wilson’s Secretary of State
C.
Trusts- main
difference between Roosevelt and Wilson
1.
Roosevelt was
willing to differentiate between good and bad trusts and control trusts through
government regulation
2.
Wilson wanted to
get rid of all trusts
D.
Underwood
Simmons Act- reduction in tariffs
E.
Federal Reserve
Act 1913- stabilize banking industry
F.
Clayton
Anti-Trust Act 1914- corporations had to be responsible for their actions
G.
Wilson was
Progressive except:
1.
He did not
initially support women’s suffrage
2.
He did not
initially support child labor regulation
3.
He did not
initially support loans to farmers
H.
Election of 1916
1.
Candidates
a)
Democrats
nominated Wilson (he campaigned that he would keep the country out of the war)
b)
Republicans
nominated Charles Evans Hughes
IV.
World War I
A.
Immediate cause-
1914 Austria-Hungary decided to enlarge its territory
1.
Wanted Serbia to
join the empire, but the Serbs didn’t agree
2.
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary went to Sarajevo and was killed
3.
The
Austro-Hungarians had an excuse to destroy Serbia. They sent Serbia an ultimatum and once
Germany supported them, they attacked Serbia
B.
US tried to
remain neutral
1.
We were trading
with England and France
2.
German Submarine
Warfare- blowing up our ships
a)
According to
international law, to blow up a ship you must ensure passenger safety
b)
Lusitania
was a British ship carrying 200 Americans that was blown up by a German
U-boat. The Germans maintained that the Lusitania had far too much weaponry to
be considered a cruise ship (which the British denied)
c)
Bryan believed
the solution was to keep our ships out of the water
d)
Germans kept
blowing up our ships, so the US began to prepare for war
C.
Dec. 1916
Germans proposed a peace conference
1.
Did not want
Wilson at the conference
2.
Wilson offered
to act as mediator, and proposed “Peace without victory based not upon a
balance of power but on a community of power”
3.
I think Germany
wasn’t d for this
D.
Feb. 1917
Zimmerman Note
1.
Zimmerman was
the German foreign secretary who allegedly sent a note to the German minister
in Mexico that said when Germany won the war, they would give back to Mexico
everything the US stole from Mexico
2.
In March of
1917, Wilson called Congress into special session to ask for a declaration of
war
a)
Zimmerman note
proved we could not trust Germans
b)
Neutrality was
not protecting us
c)
Bolshevik
revolution had taken place in Russia, and now that it was Democratic it was an
acceptable ally
d)
War had been
going on for 3 years and we were fresh
E.
Effects of the
War on America
1.
Disagreement on
draft
2.
Women served in
the army
3.
400,000 black
men were drafted/enlisted, but they were in segregated units and very few
fought
4.
Created a War
Industries Board to help with the war effort
5.
Wheat-less
Mondays and Meatless Tuesdays
6.
Espionage and
Sedition Acts
a)
Espionage Act said you can be fined or imprisoned for making statements which aided
the enemy, incited rebellion, or obstructed recruitment for the draft
b)
Sedition Act forbade any criticism of the government, the flag, or the uniform
c)
Eugene V. Debs
was given a 10 year prison sentence because he made a speech at his party’s
convention criticizing government policy
d)
Robert Goldstein
was fined for making a movie that criticized the government
e)
The acts were
upheld in Shank v. US, and Chief Justice Holmes said “Speech could be limited
when there was a clear and present danger”
7.
Women took on
traditionally male jobs
8.
Minorities found
new jobs because there was a labor shortage
9.
Dec. 1917
Prohibition Amendment was passed
10.
1918 Interim
Election- Wilson urged voters to elect a Democratic Congress, implying that a
Republican victory would be an anti-war victory. Still, the Republicans gained a majority
F.
Armistice
October 1918
G.
Treaty of
Versailles
1.
Wilson,
Chamberlain of Great Britain, Daladier of France, and a representative of Italy
(Italy switched sides in the middle of the war)
2.
Included many of
Wilson’s 14 points
3.
Idea of the
treaty was to try to make war less likely
4.
No secret
alliances and no country could own the seas
5.
League of
Nations
a)
Prevent war
b)
Court to solve
differences
c)
Board of
arbitration to solve problems
6.
US Senate
refused to ratify the treaty
a)
Part of the
treaty stated that if one member nation got into trouble, the others would help
defend it
b)
Congress did not
approve of this because it took away it’s exclusive right to declare war
H.
Postwar efforts-
war officially ended and we had to get back to running the country normally
1.
Demobilization
a)
Troops returned
home
b)
Congress had to
provide for wounded veterans
c)
War industries
were disbanded
d)
Interstate
Commerce Commission expanded
2.
18th
Amendment passed in 1919
3.
19th
Amendment passed in 1920 and gave women the right to vote
4.
Red Scare
a)
1917 Communists
took over in Russia, which made Americans very nervous that communism would
spread
b)
FBI created to
rid America of Communism
5.
Racial unrest
a)
Many blacks
served in the war effort, and expected to return to better conditions because
of their service to the country
b)
This was not the
case- still second class citizens
The 20s
V.
Social History
A.
Living
1.
At first,
majority of Americans lived in urban settings
2.
As car became
popular, middle and some upper class moved out of the cities to the suburbs
3.
Standard of
living rose because most homes had electricity and were no longer subject to
running by sunrise and sunset (Ã increased production)
B.
Sexual
Revolution
1.
Women had more
freedom
2.
Divorce laws
were liberalized
3.
Employment for
women rose (still for lower pay), but most women stayed in traditional women’s
jobs
C.
Movies
1.
Movies were in their
heyday
2.
1929 first
talkie
D.
Women’s
magazines became popular, birth control became available
E.
Blacks
1.
Migration from
south to north
2.
Harlem was the
largest black community and went through a Renaissance in the 20s- showed that
blacks had culture and could contribute
3.
Beginning of
black pride
4.
W.E.B DuBois
wrote The Crisis and wanted
integration
5.
Marcus Garvey (a
Jamaican) advocated segregation (blacks should accept that they’re black and be
proud of it and not try to be white)
F.
Influx of
Mexicans
1.
Moved to the Southwest
of the US
2.
Started as
agricultural day laborers
3.
Began to settle
and lived in Barrios
G.
Education
1.
Elementary
schools were free and open to everyone (except blacks in some areas)
2.
Kindergarten was
added
3.
High Schools
became more available- academic college prep schools and vocational education
schools
H.
Religion
1.
Church and
synagogue membership increased dramatically (more due to immigration than
anything else)
2.
Social scene
rather than sincere interest in religion
I.
Golden age of
sports
J.
Commercial radio
1.
NBC started in
1926, CBS in 1927
K.
Writers- The
Lost Generation
1.
Disillusioned
with America’s materialism
2.
Hemingway,
Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, etc
3.
Moved to Europe
to write away from American materialism
L.
Struggle between
keeping traditional values while living in the modern world
M.
Rise of the KKK
1.
Hired publicists
and advertised themselves as a group that endorsed politics (not a political
party)
2.
Grand dragon
murdered his girlfriend, and membership declined
N.
Restricted
Immigration
1.
1921 no more
than 3% of the amount of a nation already here could come into the country
(aimed at Eastern Europeans)
2.
1924 National
Origins Act directed at Asians
3.
1927 annual
maximum immigration was limited 150,000 a year
O.
Prohibition
1.
Causes
a)
Alcohol was
blamed for all the problems in the world
b)
Influx of Irish
immigrants who drank a lot
2.
Prohibited the
sale and purchase of alcohol
3.
Problems
a)
Hard to monitor
b)
Led to
bootlegging
c)
Bathtub gin
d)
Speakeasies
e)
Organized crime
P.
By December
1920, the nation was divided between rural areas and urban areas
VI.
Politics
A.
1925 Scopes
Trial (Monkey Trial)
1.
Tennessee
legislature passed a law making it illegal to teach anything but creationism in
terms of origin of man (spearheaded by William Jennings Bryan)
2.
The ACLU
(American Civil Liberties Union) convinced Scopes, a bio teacher, to teach
evolution in his classroom. He was
arrested and put on trial with Clarence Darrow (Ben Brafman of the 20s) as his
lawyer
3.
The case turned
into a debate between Bryan and Darrow
4.
Scopes lost but
only had a $100 fine
5.
Case highlights the
tug of war between traditional and modern
B.
Sacco and
Vanzetti
1.
April 1920 a
shoe factory was held up and 2 men were killed
2.
Sacco and
Vanzetti were arrested and tried for this crime
3.
Only evidence
was that they were seen in the neighborhood, but they were known anarchists and
immigrants
4.
Convicted and
sentenced to death, but people today still argue that they were executed for
their politics
C.
Leopold and Loeb
1.
Wanted to commit
the perfect murder- murder someone who you had absolutely no connection to
2.
Kidnapped a 6
year old and killed him
3.
Bragged about it
and got caught
D.
Harding
1.
Elected in the
beginning of the 20s
2.
All about big
business
3.
Pardoned Eugene
V. Debs (who was arrested for Espionage), which set the tone of his
administration
4.
Secretary of
State Charles Evans Hughes (who had been a Supreme Court justice), Secretary of
Treasury Andrew Mellon (richest man in America), Secretary of Commerce Herbert
Hoover- Harding’s pals who were all pretty unsuited for their positions
5.
Scandals
a)
Teapot Dome
Scandal
(1)
Albert Fall,
Secretary of the Interior, secured the transfer of several naval oil reserves
to his jurisdiction
(2)
Fall secretly
leased these reserves to two men who had given him money in an unsecured loan
(basically took a bribe to give them this lease)
(3)
Fall was caught and
put in prison
b)
Forbes, head of
Veterans Bureau, stole $250 million.
c)
Dauherty,
Attorney General, took bribes from bootleggers
6.
Harding went on
a tour to Alaska in 1923 and came back to California and died, and Coolidge
became president. He finished Harding’s
term and then was reelected (even though he didn’t really want to be president)
E.
Coolidge
1.
Didn’t really
want to be president
2.
Didn’t nominate
good leadership
3.
Typical
republican platform- business development, low taxes
4.
Three mottos
a)
“The business of
the US is business”
b)
“The man who
builds a factory builds a temple”
c)
“4/5 of all our
troubles in this world would disappear if people would only sit down and keep
quiet”
5.
F.
Election of 1929
1.
Candidates
a)
Coolidge opted
not to run again, so the Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover (platform- follow
the policies of Harding and Coolidge)
b)
Democrats
nominated Alfred E. Smith
2.
Hoover Won
VII.
The Great
Depression
A.
Background
1.
General good
a)
There were a lot
of new inventions in the 20s (radios, cars)
b)
Soldiers were
back from the war and were acclimating back into American life
c)
Beginnings of
commercial air flight
d)
Because stocks
were so good, everyone wanted
(1)
Brokers would
advance investors 90%
2.
This illusionary
prosperity was not shared by everybody
a)
Farmers made a
lot of money during the war selling to Britain, but after the war the British
didn’t need them anymore so they were in debt
b)
Railroads
weren’t doing well because of the rise of the car
c)
Textiles weren’t
doing well because they couldn’t keep up
d)
Exports dropped
e)
Worldwide
depression- no money to bail us out
3.
Big smart
investors realized stocks were overpriced and this would not last, so they
began to sell. Once they began to sell,
everyone began to sell
a)
October 24th,
1929 (Black Thursday) almost 13 million shares were traded and prices fell
b)
Investment banks
decided to buy these stocks to boost the market but it didn’t work
c)
October 29th
(Black Tuesday) the market fell
B.
Results
1.
We had
depressions in this country before, so most people (including Hoover) thought
the Depression would right itself
2.
GNP fell from
104 to 56
3.
Unemployment was
25%
4.
National income
dropped 54%
5.
Over 5,000 banks
failed
6.
As the
depression grew worse, more people lost jobs, and those that had jobs had their
salaries cut
7.
NY, the richest
state, could only afford to give 4 dollars a week to a family for welfare
8.
People lost
homes, marriage and birth rate declined, people went town to town looking for
jobs
9.
State and local
agencies and private charities were very overwhelmed
10.
The depression
was worldwide, so we couldn’t look to other countries for help
C.
Hoover’s
attempts
1.
Volunteerism
a)
Hoover felt that
relief/welfare was not in the best interest of the American people because if
you give it to people there’s no incentive to work
b)
Asked
corporations not to lay people off or cut salaries
c)
Asked unions not
to strike
d)
This did not
help enough
2.
Public Works
Program
a)
Creates jobs
b)
Not enough money
to deal with this
3.
Basically
everything Hoover tried required money, but there was no money to do it
D.
1926 a bill was
passed that stated that in 1945 veterans of WWI would get a bonus for serving
1.
In the summer of
1932, 14,000 unemployed veterans marched on Washington to ask for their bonus
now
2.
Half went home,
half stayed and continued to lobby for their money
3.
Two veterans
were killed in a fight with the police, and the veterans were ordered to
leave. Hoover sent in 3 army generals to
evacuate them
E.
Election of 1932
1.
Republicans
nominated Hoover and his platform was a continuation of his policies
2.
Democrats were
not united- torn between FDR and John Nance Garner until Garner gave up his
votes to Roosevelt
3.
New Deal-
Roosevelt’s Platform
a)
Repeal
prohibition
b)
Government aid
to the unemployed
c)
25% cut in
government spending
4.
Roosevelt won
F.
VIII.
