I.
Overview of 1801-1861
A.
The New American
Republic, prior to the Civil War, experienced dramatic territorial expansion,
economic growth, and industrialization
B.
The increasing
complexity of American society, the growth of regionalism, and the
crosscurrents of change developed several major themes
1.
Vast territorial
expansion between 1800 and 1861 as restless white Americans pushed westward
across the Appalachians, the Mississippi, and onto the Pacific Ocean. Americans, due to land hunger and the
ideology of manifest destiny (we should own the land from coast to coast, it is
our G-d given right):
a)
Forced the
removal of many Indian nations in the Southeast and old Northwest
b)
Acquired a large
part of Mexico through the Mexican-American War
c)
Engaged in
abrasive, racial encounters with Native Americans, Mexicans, Chinese
immigrants, and others
2.
Economic
development of the expanding American republic was a complex process that fed
growing regional tension
a)
In the North,
the first shape of industrialization shows how economic development has
profound environmental effects. The rise
of immigrants filled cities. The
transportation revolution, the creation of a market system, and the
proliferation of family farming in newly opened territories shows how Americans
were often greedy and patriotic at the same time
b)
In the expanding
South, slavery was an exploitive and morally corrupt economic and social
system. At the same time, millions of
African Americans tried to shape their lives as much as possible through
family, religion, and resistance to slavery
3.
The extension
restriction and reorganization of political democracy after 1800 shaped the
period
a)
The rise of the
second party system and modern interest group politics marked the beginning of
modern politics in America.
b)
The evolution of
political democracy was not a smooth street, as free African Americans were
disenfranchised
4.
The rapid
transformation and expansion of American society brought forth many issues that
needed to be reformed (factory system, slavery, women’s rights)
a)
Ralph Waldo
Emerson- “What is man born for, but to be a reformer?”
II.
Jefferson’s
Administration
A.
Personal
ideology
1.
Envisioned
America as a society of rolling hills, farmers, etc. (farming is the backbone
of America)
2.
Wanted a central
government with minimum control (strict constructionist)
3.
Viewed himself
as a man of the people
B.
As President
1.
James Madison-
Secretary of State
2.
Albert Gallatin-
Secretary of Treasury
3.
Disbanded the
Alien and Sedition Acts and reduced the federal bureaucracy
4.
Reduced the size
of the army and stopped naval building
5.
Repealed excise
tax
C.
Foreign policy
1.
Jefferson sent a
messenger to Napoleon to try and purchase New Orleans
a)
Napoleon was in
desperate financial trouble, and would only sell all of Louisiana
b)
Jefferson was
conflicted- he was a strict constructionist, and the Constitution did not
explicitly give the president the right to acquire territory
c)
Advisors told
Jefferson to consider it a treaty à Congressional approval
d)
Jefferson sent
Lewis and Clark to explore the new land
2.
Trouble in North
Africa
a)
In Morocco and
Tunisia, the rulers decided that any ship that wanted to go through the Strait
of Gibraltar had to pay a bribe
b)
In 1805,
Jefferson sent in a navy and ended this
D.
Vice President
Burr- secession
1.
New England
Federalists believed their power base was eroding as more people settled out
west
2.
Decided to
secede from the US
a)
Essex Junto
b)
Decided Burr
would be on their side
3.
Hamilton yelled
at Burr, they dueled, and Burr killed Hamilton
4.
Burr was
arrested as he tried to escape, was tried for treason and was acquitted (even
though he killed Hamilton, he was not tried for murder)
E.
Election of 1808
1.
Embargo Act made
Jefferson and the Republicans unpopular, and gave the Federalists new life
2.
Madison
(Republican) won the election, however the Federalists gained seats in Congress
Madison
Administration
III.
Madison
A.
Ultra-brilliant
president with no social skills- stubborn, uncompromising, couldn’t apply his
smarts
B.
Just before
Madison took office, Congress modified the Embargo (the Non-Intercourse Act)
1.
Opened our trade
to all nations except France and Britain
2.
Expired in 1810,
and was replaced by Macon’s Bill #2
a)
Gave the
president to power to prohibit trade with any nation when they violate our
neutrality (this gives the president too much power)
C.
#IndianProblems
1.
One the British
front, a Shawney chief named Tecumseh decided to unite all the northwest tribes
in an attempt to get rid of the settles
a)
General William
Henry Harrison went into Tecumseh’s village on Tippecanoe Creek and destroyed
the whole village (Harrison later used this as part of a slogan when he ran for
president)
2.
One the Southern
front, people who lived bordering Florida felt that Spanish Florida should be
part of the US
D.
In 1811 there
was a strong group, called Warhawks, led by Henry Clay and Calhoun
1.
They kept
agitating for war
2.
Finally, on June
1st of 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war
IV.
The War of 1812
A.
Stories/ Battles
1.
The British
fleet was coming up the Potomac River, and Dolly Madison took the portraits of
the presidents and some silver fro the white house
2.
President
refused to leave the White House and he should not desert. But once the British got very close, he was
forced to leave
3.
The Americans
expected to lose Fort McHenry. When
Francis Scott Key woke up and saw the American flag still waving above the
Fort, he wrote the Star Spangled Banner
4.
The British set
the White House on fire, but a rainstorm put the fire out
B.
The Battle of
New Orleans
1.
Fought 2 weeks
after the treaty had been signed. Why?
a)
Word travelled
slowly and they might not have gotten the memo
b)
Andrew Jackson
knew he would win the battle and he thought this would be a way to make a name
for himself to fulfill his political agenda
C.
The Federalists
had greatly opposed the war
1.
Once the Battle
of New Orleans was fought, the Federalists were done
2.
They met in
Hartford and began to talk about secession
3.
But, the party
was basically gone by now
V.
After the war
A.
Things looked
pretty good for America
1.
We were thriving
economically
2.
In 1816, the
first protective tariff was passed to stop the British from dumping their goods
in America (underselling American businesses, forcing them out of business,
then raising prices)
3.
Andrew Jackson
went into Western Florida (which we acquired after the war) and invaded Eastern
Florida, hanged 2 British soldiers, and planted the American flag
a)
This was an
embarrassment to Madison
b)
Jackson should
have gone to court
c)
Jackson’s
popularity saved him
d)
In 1819 Spain
finally sold us Florida
4.
Rapid expansion
B.
Meanwhile in
Europe…
1.
Napoleon had
lost favor in Europe, and countries were trying to regain what Napoleon had
taken from them, which made the US nervous because if they gained what they
lost in Europe, they might gain what they lost in South America
C.
1816 Monroe
elected president
1.
He was elected
with only 1 electoral vote opposed (wanted Washington to be the only president
voted unanimously)
2.
Since the
Federalists were gone, there was basically only one political party
VI.
Era of Good
Feelings 1817-1840
A.
Monroe was
elected without opposition
B.
Time of growth
and expansion
C.
Five Landmark
court cases
1.
Marbury v.
Madison
2.
Fletcher v. Peck
a)
The Georgia
legislature had issued land grants to the Yazoo Land Company
b)
The Yazoo Land
Company did some shady dealings, so a legislature tried to take back the land
because the company did not deal with the land properly
c)
The case went to
the Supreme Court, and they decided that Georgia’s original action constituted
a valid contract, which could not be broken (basically, once Georgia gave the
land away, it was no longer Georgia’s so they could not take it back)
d)
Importance of
this case was that it was the first time a state law was voided over a federal
law
3.
Dartmouth v.
Woodward
a)
Dartmouth, a
private college, ran into financial difficulties and the president of the
college wanted to make it a public college, but the trustees wanted to keep it
private
b)
The Court ruled
in favor of the trustees based on the fact that a charter is the same thing as
a contract. In order to revoke a
charter, both sides (the college and the dead British king) need to agree
c)
This case
strengthened the federal government at the expense of the states
4.
McCulloch v.
Maryland
a)
If you put money
in the bank, the bank pays you back with interest. The bank uses your money to give loans and
make investments. Without depositors,
the bank cannot exist
b)
The bank of
Maryland was competing with the federal bank in Baltimore, so the state of
Maryland decided to put a tax on the federal bank
c)
The case went to
the Supreme Court, and it ruled that no state had the right to control an
agency of the federal government. “Since
the power to tax is the power to destroy, the state action violated the implied
powers, such action violated implied powers, which said that the government has
the right to establish a national bank.” -Marshall
5.
Gibbons v. Ogden
a)
The state of NY
had given Ogden a monopoly to operate a steam boat between NY and NJ, while
Gibbons got a congressional permit to operate in the same water
b)
Ogden sued,
because he had the monopoly first
c)
Marshall ruled
that the waters were interstate, and the national government controls
interstate commerce
d)
Once again, the
national government is above the state
D.
Compromise of
1820, the Missouri Compromise
1.
Missouri asked
to become a state
2.
At this point,
we had in Congress an equal number of slave states and free states. If Missouri was accepted, the first territory
from the Louisiana Purchase to ask to become a state, there would be more slave
states than free states
3.
Around the same
time, Maine also asked to become a separate state (it used to be part of
Massachusetts)
4.
Henry Clay came
up with the Compromise of 1820
a)
Missouri will
come in as a slave state
b)
Maine will come
in as a free state
5.
This was
settled, but what would happen next time a new slave state wants to enter and
there is no free state entering too?
a)
Part of the
compromise was that any state north of a certain line (latitude 36 30) from the
Louisiana purchase would come in free, and any states south of the line would
come in slave
E.
Growth in
America
1.
Every 25 years
the population was doubling
2.
People kept
migrating to the west, and by 1840, 1/3 of all Americans lived west of the
Alleghenies mountains
3.
In the 1830’s,
there was a resurgence of immigration from the British Isles because of the
potato famine
4.
More federal
land was put into the private sector
5.
In the south,
cotton became king. There was a
tremendous demand for American cotton
6.
Big fishing
industries, lumber industries, and fur trade
7.
Robert Fulton
created the Steamboat à
more river traffic
8.
We began to
build roads
9.
Era of Canals
a)
Purpose was to
connect east with west so that trade would be smoother and faster
10.
By 1830, NY was
America’s largest city, and the country was thriving economically
a)
However, the
industrial revolution hadn’t quite reached America until the late 1700s/ early
1800s, when Samuel Slater managed to get a blueprint of the cotton mill à first successful cotton spinning mill
b)
Eli Whitney
(cotton gin) also came up with interchangeable parts (you can use the same
parts from one machine for another) à assembly line (increased mass production)
11.
Corporation
became the typical type of business organization, and we began to develop
corporation laws
12.
When there are
factories, there are problems
a)
One issue-
getting factory help
b)
In
Massachusetts, the Lowell System was developed
(1)
The factory
managers would go to the small farm communities and offer girls jobs (they were
paid less)
(2)
They promised to
take care of the girls, but this was a big fat lie- the work was horrific!
(3)
Some of the
girls tried to unionize, but that was short lived
13.
Before 1813
there really were no public schools
a)
Schools were
either corporate schools or religious schools
b)
Only for boys
(women were “unfit” for academic training)
c)
Rich women went
to finishing schools where they learned things like embroidery and painting
d)
There were very
few colleges, which taught theology, law, and medicine (surgeries at the time
were bad- there was no anesthesia and most people died from bleeding to death)
e)
There was an
attempt to start a school for the poor (The Lancaster System), the teacher was
a disciplinarian, and the older children taught the younger children
14.
We began to
believe in cultural nationalism
a)
We needed to
develop our own culture- literature, art- and stop copying Europe
b)
Washington
Irving, Webster (dictionary)
F.
As all the
progress was happening, religion took a backseat à Second Great Awakening
1.
Beliefs like the
Enlightenment, Rationalism, Utilitarianism, and Universalism (everybody is the
same and religion is divisive) took the place of religion
2.
Thomas Paine
wrote The Age of Reason, in which he
attacked Christen values (it was poorly written and illogical, but it was a
bestseller)
3.
The Second Great
Awakening began in 1801 in Caneridge, Kentucky.
The emphasis was on personal salvation and individualistic faith. This movement included women and free blacks
(encompassing more people made it more user friendly).
4.
In the South,
they felt the movement encouraged slaves and therefore did not approve
G.
Bad stuff of the
era- it wasn’t all good feelings
1.
Tension between
north and south
2.
Tension between
federal and state governments
12/6/12
Jacksonian
Democracy
VII.
Election of 1824
A.
Facts
1.
Four candidates
a)
Federalist party
was extraordinarily unpopular
b)
All 4 candidates
called themselves Republicans
c)
Each candidate
was a favorite son- representing a certain area of the country
2.
This election
was the first time the caucuses did not elect the president
3.
First election
after property qualifications were removed- you no longer had to own property
to vote
4.
Alexander de
Tocqueville said “An equality of condition that existed in America existed
nowhere else in the world”- with all its flaws, American democracy was still
the epitome of democracy
B.
The Candidates
1.
William Crawford
was Secretary of the Treasury, he was from Georgia, and if the caucuses were
still choosing candidates he would have been chosen
2.
John Quincy
Adams, Secretary of State, was another candidate. He represented Massachusetts/ the Northeast
3.
Henry Clay, the
speaker of the House, “the Compromiser”.
He came up with the American System, which wanted a tariff on imports to
finance extensive internal improvements (he thought the federal government
should pay for these improvements). He
represented Kentucky
4.
Andrew Jackson
represented the part of the west that was for states rights (Clay represented
the west who were more federalists).
Jackson campaigned himself as a war hero (a la Battle of New Orleans)
C.
Jackson won 43%
of the popular vote, but because of the 4 way split, he received 38% of the
electoral vote (you need one more than half to win, but since there were 4
candidates he did not get more than half of the electoral votes). He had a plurality (most electoral votes) but
not a majority (more than half)
1.
The election
went to the House, but according to an amendment only the top 3 candidates go
to the House
2.
Clay was #4 and
was eliminated from the race, so he released his delegates to Quincy Adams
3.
Once Clay
endorsed Quincy Adams, Quincy Adams won, and Clay became Secretary of State
4.
Jackson was so
angry, he called it a corrupt bargain and quit the Senate and spent the next
four years campaigning and frustrating Quincy Adams
D.
Quincy Adams
Administration
1.
Just was not
good
a)
Quincy Adams was
stubborn and uncompromising
b)
Believed the
federal government should pay for internal improvements
c)
Believed in
helping the Indians
2.
Jackson opposed
him at every turn
VIII.
Tariffs
A.
Tariffs were a
BIG issue in this time period
B.
The South
1.
One crop
(cotton) economy
2.
The needed to
import foreign materials (manufactured goods) at low prices and export their
crops
3.
They wanted low
tariffs
C.
The North
1.
Becoming more
industrial
2.
As they
industrialized, they wanted high tariffs to protect their fledgling industries
D.
Combined with
tariffs was the issue of states’ rights
1.
Each state cannot
make its own tariff
2.
The South began
to be outnumbered by the North, and felt that the North was “abusing” them
E.
During this
heated issue, a new election occured
IX.
Election of 1828
A.
Quincy Adams
supporters called themselves “National Republicans” and Jackson’s party was
called “Democratic Republicans”
B.
It was a filthy
campaign
C.
Jackson won 56%
of the popular vote, and he won the electoral vote by a large margin
D.
Calhoun, of
South Carolina, was elected Vice President
X.
Jackson
Presidency
A.
After Jackson’s
inauguration, Congress passed a new tariff bill which raised the tariff
considerably
1.
Harmed the
southerners
2.
They were going
to support the bill initially and then at the last minute defeat it, which
would embarrass the president
3.
The bill passed,
the South was pissed, and they called it the Tariff of Abominations
4.
Vice President
Calhoun anonymously wrote The South
Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he outlined his theory of the
concurrent majority
a)
Provisions
(1)
A federal law
which was deemed harmful to the interests of an individual state could be
declared null and void within that state by a convention of the people
(2)
A state holding
a minority position could ignore a state law enacted by the majority which they
consider unconstitutional
b)
It was basically
the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions all over again
B.
Spoils system
1.
Basically
nepotism
2.
Jackson really
believed that untrained common folk could serve in the government
C.
Veto
1.
Jackson vetoed
the most bills than any president
2.
Jackson vetoed
that Maysville Road Project
a)
A road in
Kentucky that would require federal subsidy
b)
Jackson vetoed
it because the road was entirely in Kentucky, and was not interstate commerce
D.
Indian Removal
Act (p4)
1.
Authorized
president to transfer Indian tribes to Western territories (West of Mississippi)
2.
Cherokee Indians
had a piece of Georgia that they said did not belong to Georgia but actually
belonged to them
a)
Since the land
was not under the US, the president did not have the jurisdiction to move them
b)
Worchester v.
Georgia
(1)
Marshall ruled
in favor of the Indians
(2)
Marshall had no
way of enforcing his decision
(3)
Jackson ignored
the ruling and forced the Cherokee out à Trail of Tears, where over ¼ of the Indians died on
their way west
3.
How could
Jackson blatantly ignore a Supreme Court decision?
a)
At that time,
most people didn’t care for the Indians, so they didn’t think this was an issue
E.
Webster-Hayne
Debate
1.
We had acquired
a lot of Western land
a)
Issue: Should we
sell the land cheaply or put a high price on it?
2.
Opinions by
region
a)
Westerners
wanted cheap land
(1)
They wanted to
become states, so they wanted to land cheap to populate the west and have
enough people to apply for statehood
b)
North wanted
high prices
(1)
They didn’t want
to lose their power base
(2)
Didn’t want to
lose their work force- if land was cheap out west, immigrant workers would
leave the factories to go west
c)
South voted for
cheap land
(1)
Some western
land was good for growing cotton à more slave states
3.
Senator Hayne of
South Carolina got up in Congress and spoke in support of cheap land, and
hinted to nullification
4.
Webster,
representing the NE, skillfully moved the issue away from land policy to the
nature of the union and states’ rights within
a)
“The union is
indissolvable and sovereign over the individual states. It is the peoples’ Constitution, the peoples’
government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the
people. Liberty and union now and
forever, one and inseparable”
5.
Jackson was a
states’ rightist, but he drew the line at nullification
F.
Peggy Eaton
Affair
1.
Peggy Eaton was the
wife of the Secretary of War. She was
his second wife, and her occupation prior to being married to Eaton was
questionable
2.
The Calhouns
threw a dinner party, and snooty Mrs. Calhoun would not have Peggy at her table
a)
Jackson insisted
Mrs. Eaton be invited, but the Calhouns refused
3.
Jackson was
asked to say a few words at the party.
He got up and spoke in support of a new, higher tariff and ended quoting
Webster
4.
Calhoun resigned
his Vice Presidency and threw a hissy fit in South Carolina
a)
Wrote Orders of Nullification,
which was approved in South Carolina, and provides for no collection of taxes
at the port of Charlestown
b)
Nullified the
new tariff of 1833
5.
Jackson ordered
a force bill (gives the president the right to enforce something) in which
Congress gave him permission to use federal troops to enforce tax collection
6.
Clay suggested
gradually rolling back the tariffs
a)
Both sides could
claim they won
b)
Jackson could
say that the tax was collected
c)
Calhoun could
say that the tax was lowered
G.
War against the Bank
1.
Many say Jackson
did not understand the Bank, and therefore did not understand the ramifications
of his actions
2.
Nicholas Biddle,
the director of the Bank, was very conservative and cautious regarding things
like interest rates and loans
3.
Jackson felt the
Bank was unconstitutional, and that it was an elitist institution.
a)
He hated the
Bank, and when he ran for president in 1832, his platform was that the Bank was
unconstitutional and he will get rid of it
4.
Clay (Jackson’s
opponent in the election) and Webster came up with a plan to prevent Jackson
from getting rid of the Bank
a)
The Bank’s
charter was due to expire in 1836
b)
Clay and Webster
said that if they could renew the charter early, Jackson would be helpless to
destroy the Bank
c)
They managed to
get this through Congress, but Jackson vetoed it, leaving the Bank a lame duck
agency
5.
Jackson won the
election, and destroyed the Bank
a)
He pulled all
the federal money out of the federal bank and deposited it in local and state
banks
b)
Biddle tightened
credit even more (made it more difficult to get a loan) and called in loans,
hoping Jackson would give in because the economy would tank and people would
pressure the president
c)
Jackson stood
firm, and when things got really bad, Biddle had to ease up, and the economy
rebounded
6.
In 1836, Jackson
ordered a surplus fund (extra money that’s put in a fund for emergencies)
a)
Since the money
was put in a fund, it was not going back into the economy and was therefore
hurting the economy
b)
Things got so
bad, and Jackson issued the Species Circular, which said that all land had to
be paid for in hard money (gold), which made the economy even worse
H.
Election of 1836
1.
Jackson opted
not to run, and he supported Martin Van Buren (Democrat), who had been Jackson’s VP after Calhoun
2.
New party- Whigs
a)
The Whig party
was basically anyone who wasn’t a Jacksonian Democrat
b)
Henry Clay ran
as the Whig candidate, but he was defeated by Martin Van Buren
XI.
Martin Van Buren
Presidency
A.
Spent cleaning
up Jackson’s mess
B.
Started the
Independent Treasury
1.
So the president
could never again do what Jackson did
2.
Began operating
after Van Buren left office
C.
Election of 1840
1.
Whigs nominated
William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler for VP (“Tippacanoe and
Tyler too”)
a)
Tyler was a
former Democrat from Virginia
2.
Democrats
nominated Van Buren
3.
It was the
largest voter turnout to that date
4.
We were in a
depression, and the Whigs stressed the opulent lifestyle of Van Buren
5.
Harrison won the
election
XII.
Sum Up of the
Age of Jackson 1824-1840
A.
The Age of
Jackson was the beginning of the modern 2 party system
B.
Popular politics
based on emotional appeal, rather than based on issues
C.
Nominating
conventions were started during the time of Jackson
D.
Jackson
strengthened the office of the president to such an extent that his enemies called
him “King Andrew”
E.
Jackson
supported states’ rights, but he drew the line at nullification, which led to
confusion in his thinking
F.
Jackson
appointed Chief Justice Taney
1.
Charles River
Bridge Case- Taney ruled that a state could aggregate a grant of monopoly if
that original grant had ceased to be in the best interest of the community
(overturned Dartmouth case)
G.
Party
Philosophies
1.
Democrats
a)
Opposed big
government
b)
Opposed
modernization because they did not like what came with it (factories and all of
that)
c)
Primarily
working class, small merchants, and farmers
2.
Whigs
a)
Believed in
commerce and industrial development
b)
Believed in
banking and corporations
c)
Cautious of
westward expansion
d)
Supporters were
northern businessmen, manufacturers, and planters
e)
Clay, Calhoun,
and Webster dominated the party
H.
The 1830s was a
time of economic growth and changing society
1.
Traditional
values were challenged
2.
Responses to
changing times
a)
Some felt we
needed order and control, and if we didn’t have order and control we would lose
our values completely
b)
Others believed
in reform movements- we had to reform what was already here and fix it (but not
get rid of it)
3.
Age of
Romanticism
4.
Development of
our own literature, art and music
a)
American
authors- Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, Hawthorne, Allen Poe
b)
The only
American contribution to music at this point was the Minstrel Show- white men
who would dress up in black face with white lips and imitate black people
I.
Reform Movements
1.
Transcendentalists
a)
Started in
Concord, Massachusetts
b)
Idea was to transcend
the institutional Church by being one with G-d
c)
Man is capable
of a one on one relationship with G-d
d)
Thoreau
(1)
Was a
transcendentalist
(2)
Wrote Walden
(3)
Preached civil
disobedience
(4)
Refused to pay
taxes for a war he didn’t want (War of 1812) so he went to jail
e)
Ralph Waldo
Emerson and Hawthorne were also a transcendentalist writer
2.
Utopians
a)
Tried to create
utopian communities in a failing world
b)
Thought that
they were helping the common man escape from the impersonalization of
industrialization
c)
Utopian Communities
(1)
Brookfarm,
Massachusetts was the first Utopian community
(a)
Was like a big
commune
(b)
Very
short-lived- did not last long
(c)
Hawthorne lived
there
(2)
New Harmony
(a)
Founded by
Robert Owen
(b)
Attacked
religion, marriage, and the idea of private property
(c)
Failed after 2
years
(3)
Nashoba,
Tennessee
(a)
Founded by a
woman
(b)
Haven for freed
slaves
(c)
But it didn’t
survive either
(4)
Oneida Community
(a)
Preached free
love and open marriage
(5)
Shakers- still
exist today
(a)
Started by Anna
Lee
(b)
Believed in
celibacy
(6)
Amana Community
(a)
Lasted longer
than most of the other communities because they were very disciplined
(b)
Strict, rigid
community with strict guidelines
(c)
Considered
themselves “moralistic”
3.
Mormons
a)
Joseph Smith
allegedly had a vision in upstate NY in the 1830s, and he organized the Church
of the Latter Day Saints
b)
From the
beginning they practiced polygamy
c)
Moved to
Missouri, kicked out, moved to Illinois, where Smith was killed and Brigham
Young took over and they moved to Salt Lake City (Utah was not part of the US
at the time, so they were able to establish themselves there)
4.
Churches were
trying to find ways to boost attendance
5.
Temperance
a)
Anti-drink
b)
The movement was
more anti-Catholic than it was anti-temperance
c)
In the 1830s
there was a huge influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany who were mostly
Catholic
6.
Public Schools
a)
A republic
cannot exist without education
b)
Schooling system
is a good way for social control
(1)
“Americanize”
immigrants
(2)
“Protestantize”
non Protestants
c)
Wanted to homogenize
America
d)
Troy Female
Seminary- 1st state supported school (1839)
e)
Perkin School- 1st
school for the blind (people with disabilities were seen as stupid)
f)
Oberlin- first
coed college
7.
Asylums for the
mentally ill
a)
Dorothy Dix was
put in a mental asylum so she could write about the conditions
b)
à
realization that mentally ill people could be helped
8.
Prison reform
a)
Prisons should
not just be punitive to punish criminals but should also be rehabilitative
9.
Feminist/Abolitionist
a)
Seneca Falls
Convention 1848- 1st feminist convention
b)
The feminist
movement got linked with the abolitionist (anti-slaver) movement, which in some
ways killed the feminist movement
c)
William Lloyd
Garrison started an Abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator
XIII.
