9/7/12
I.
Three Themes of
the Colonial Period
A.
Intermingling of
Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans
1.
Violent
conflicts between whites and indigenous people
a)
Native Americans
did not believe in ownership of land, which the whites did
2.
Spread of
European diseases to Native Americans
3.
Traffic in
American Slave Trade and development of slave labor
a)
African tribe
leaders sold their members into slavery (often tricked into doing so)
4.
Africans and
Native Americans were important in creating colonial society
a)
Customs,
traditions, food
B.
Political and
Religious institutions and values
1.
Roots of
representative government and how they turned into true political institutions
2.
What is
Democracy?
a)
Government run
by the people for the people
b)
Fair elections
c)
Civil liberties
d)
Equality of
opportunity (on paper, but not really true in practice)
3.
Foundations of
religious freedom
a)
Freedom, not
just toleration
C.
Economic
Development- through agriculture and commerce
Why
did people come to America? Gold, G-d, and glory. There were also indentured servants, who sold
themselves to someone who would pay for their passage to the New World and in
exchange the indentured servant agreed to work for the person (usually to learn
a trade) until the debt was paid off (usually 7 years). Afterwards, the sponsor was supposed to give
the servant tools to start on his own, and if the servant was a woman, the
sponsor was supposed to find her a husband.
9/11/12
II.
English Colonies
A.
Puritans (North-
Massachusetts)
1.
Unhappy in
England
a)
King was
constantly changing national religion à unhappy Puritans
(1)
Those who were
not part of the national religion did not get good economic opportunities
2.
Mayflower à Massachusetts (not Virginia, which was where they
intended to go)
a)
Massachusetts
was not under any European jurisdiction à Mayflower Compact
b)
Mayflower
Compact
(1)
Considered the
first democratic constitution of the new world
(a)
At the time,
this was extraordinarily Democratic, because it gave power to the people
(b)
However, only the
Puritanical white men had power, and not women, blacks, or non-Puritans
(2)
Created a
government for the new colony (though they were still loyal to the king)
3.
Puritan Values
(handout) and beliefs
a)
Men were
responsible for themselves and their neighbors
b)
Success
corresponded to moral superiority
c)
The Bible is the
codification of religious authority and Law
d)
The Puritans
were a chosen people who G-d brought to a promised land
e)
Man was born bad
f)
Court
(1)
Theocracy
(a)
Religious sins
were brought to court for decision (but could be paid off)
(b)
Stealing was not
as bad as other sins (premarital sex, profaning the Sabbath)
(2)
Men made the
decisions, not women
(3)
Didn’t care
about the Native Americans
(4)
Blacks were not
given the option to pay off their sins
g)
Did well
economically- no matter what you do it is good work, because even the lowest
jobs are G-d’s work
h)
Man is born bad,
and struggles to be good
4.
Witchcraft
a)
The Puritans
believed that life was a struggle between good and evil, G-d and the devil
(like Calvinism, which Puritanism stemmed from)
b)
Believed that
the devil could get into anyone’s body, and use that body to do bad work
c)
Claimed witches
were generally female, old, widows, poor à more vulnerable
d)
Witch claims
began in small neighborhoods because of conflicts between neighbors
(1)
It was an easy
way to get rid of someone you didn’t like
(2)
Became an easy
accusation, so it was hard to determine who was telling the truth and who
wasn’t
e)
Salem Jan 1692 -
May 1693
(1)
Many
convictions, hangings, and confessions of witchcraft
(2)
Once they
started going after big members of the community, they realized the whole witch
thing had gone too far
5.
Roger Williams
a)
Believed in separation
of Church and State (very radical notion at the time)
b)
à
He was kicked out of Massachusetts and founded Rhode Island, which granted
religious freedom to everyone
6.
Ann Hutchinson
a)
Also spoke out
against the Puritans
b)
She suggested
that women could think and have an opinion (very radical at the time)
c)
She was asked to
leave and was partially responsible for the founding of Connecticut and New
Hampshire.
B.
Pennsylvania
(middle colony)
1.
Founded as a
refuge for the Quakers
a)
Quakers believed
that everyone has an inner light, and that inner light allows you to
communicate directly with G-d, and therefore you did not need a minister to
communicate with G-d
2.
Pacifists
3.
Did not believe
in showing deference (respect) to those who considered themselves to be
superior
4.
William Penn got
the land from Charles II in payment of a debt owed to Penn’s father
a)
Penn advertised
his colony and guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious
freedom. Also, the land was very
fertile, which attracted settlers
C.
Virginia
(Chesapeake colony)
1.
Roanoke
a)
First English
attempt at colonization in the New World
b)
Ships left the
colony to go back to England for supplies, and when they returned to the colony
absolutely nothing was there
(1)
The word
“Croatan” was found carved into a tree trunk, but no one knows what this means
(2)
Theories
(a)
Indian raid
(b)
Pestilence
(c)
However, we
still do not know what happened
2.
Jamestown
a)
Not successful
at first
(1)
Many settlers
came to find gold, and were not interested in building a colony for the long
term
b)
Starving time à John Smith took over
(1)
People realized
that they had to pitch in and help to eat
c)
John Rolfe
(1)
Discovered that
tobacco would grow well in Virginia
(2)
à
Tobacco became the cash crop in Virginia and saved the colony, which then began
to thrive
3.
Bacon’s
Rebellion
a)
Berkley was a corrupt
politician in Virginia who was accused of running the colony to benefit himself
and his friends
b)
Nathaniel Bacon
was against Berkley, they and an argument, and Bacon burned down Jamestown, and
many of the rebels were hanged
4.
By the end of
the 17th c. the Chesapeake colonies began to stabilize
5.
House of
Burgesses- the first representative assembly in the English colonies
6.
Headright
system- settlers were given grants of land for themselves and each member of
their family to populate the colony and promote cultivation. Encouraged settlers to come here permanently
and with their families
D.
Southern
colonies
1.
Social classes
a)
Upper class-
Planters (planted tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo)
b)
Middle class-
Farmers (planted food produce for personal consumption) and some shopkeepers
c)
Lower class-
black slaves
(1)
By the start of
the 18th century, there were more blacks in South Carolina than
whites
2.
Georgia
a)
Founded as a
buffer colony between South Carolina and Spanish Florida and also as a penal
colony
b)
Initially, not
many people came, but as the colony prospered, more people came and settled
E.
Back in England…
1.
Mercantilism
a)
There is a fixed
amount of wealth, so one country’s gain is another’s loss
(1)
à
fight for colonies, because colonies were wealth
b)
Export more than
import
2.
Navigation Acts
(British attempt to keep control of the colonies)
a)
Trade with the
colonies was the be carried on only in ships made in Britain (there was
shipbuilding competition between England and Holland) or America, and 75% of
the crew had to be British or American.
b)
Any goods going
between the colonies and another country had to stop at another American or
British port
c)
Results
(1)
Hurt Holland because
the colonies could no longer buy ships
from Holland, whose big industry was shipbuilding
(2)
Helped New England
because shipbuilding became a big new industry there
(3)
Southern colonies
suffered because stopping at more ports slowed the shipping process, and so the
tobacco was on the ships longer, and since it was a plant, it would die, and
therefore wouldn’t sell well
F.
Black slavery
1.
Everyone who
came to American came free for new opportunities, except for the blacks, who
were sold into slavery and coming to America
2.
(Document
packet)
G.
Differences
between the north and the south began with the colonies
1.
Northern
colonies
a)
Generally stable
b)
Small farms,
merchants, water industry
c)
Did not have
slavery because it was not worth it economically
2.
Southern
colonies
a)
Started off
unstable
b)
Men outnumbered
women
c)
As they
stabilized, the southern colonies developed a society with an elite- white rich
men. The middle class was very small,
and at the bottom were black slaves
9/20/12
III.
Halfway covenant (in the Puritan church)
A.
By the end of
the 17th c., people were pulling away from religion (when times are
good, people usually pull away from religion)
1.
Ministers were
nervous because they got paid when people went to church, and if people weren’t
going to church they were not getting money
B.
Halfway Covenant
1.
If your parents
were members of the church, you could be a member even if you did not profess
all the sacraments
2.
Two sides
a)
Many ministers
were opposed to the covenant and were angry about it because they felt that
people can’t be only partially religious
b)
Supporters
believed that partial religion and being entered into the church could lead to
full religious involvement
3.
Worked
sporadically, but did not have the desired effects
IV.
Enlightenment
A.
Rationalism
1.
Anything could
be solved logically
2.
Contradicted the
Church
B.
John Locke
1.
Enlightenment
philosopher that affected the colonists the most
2.
Government is
necessary, but the government is responsible to the people, and if the
government abuses that power, the people have the right to overthrow the
government (even an absolute monarch)
C.
Glorious
Revolution
1.
Charles I was
beheaded à Cromwell, but the people realized they liked
having a king à
brought back Charles II
2.
Took James as
king even though he was Catholic because he had two protestant daughters who
were next in line to be king, but then he married a catholic and had a catholic
son who became first in line for the throne à James abdicated and William and Mary came in to rule
3.
This fit in with
Locke’s theory of the ability to overthrow a non-complying government. It was actually put into practice that if a
people do not like the government, they have the ability to overthrow it and
create a new one
D.
Benjamin
Franklin was considered the greatest American Enlightenment thinker
V.
Great Awakening
A.
Halfway Covenant
did not work out well so the ministers had to come up with something new
1.
The ministers
would be in various tents, and people would go from tent to tent hearing different
ministers
2.
It was an
attempt to democratize religion and encourage people into religion
3.
Blacks and women
were welcome
4.
Encouraged
prayer directly with G-d without a middleman (the church)
B.
Jonathan Edwards
1.
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry G-d
2.
Good speakers,
drew people in
C.
Controversy
1.
Old Light
ministers
a)
Unhappy with
Great Awakening
b)
Don’t make
religion user friendly- it should be based on faith and belief and not based on
the fact that it’s easy
c)
Felt that
religion was being watered down
2.
New Light ministers
a)
Supported the
Great Awakening
b)
You have to
change with the times
D.
Founded colleges
to train the new ministers
1.
Harvard, Yale,
Princeton, and Kings College (Columbia)
VI.
King Philip’s
War
A.
Immigration
1.
Immigration was
democratic because there were no immigration restrictions, so anyone could come
2.
As immigrants
came, they wanted more land, and took Native American lands
B.
Wampanoag Chief,
called King Philip by the English, decided that he was going to unite several
tribes to get rid of the whites
1.
Reasons
a)
Did not like
being converted to Puritanism
b)
Immigrants were
taking their land
2.
Wampanoag killed
2,000 settlers before he was killed
9/24/12
VII.
Social Democracy
(2 sheets)
A.
Deals with
peoples’ statuses within a community
B.
America does not
have an aristocracy based on bloodline
1.
The aristocracy
in America is based on wealth (and not blood)
2.
It does not
matter how you were born here to achieve high social standing- the aristocracy
is based on social mobility
C.
People from
different countries and backgrounds were intermarrying and blending
D.
Religion
1.
There was no
religion big and strong enough to dominate and make a state religion
2.
Policies were
different for each colony
a)
The Rhode Island
Charter- complete free religion
b)
Pennsylvania Charter
of Privileges- toleration for all monotheists
c)
Maryland
Toleration Act- toleration for all Christians
E.
Literature
1.
American authors
began writing their own style, but many still followed European style and did
not develop our own style until the 1830s
2.
Almanacs
3.
Newspapers
a)
Zenger Case
(1)
Zenger ran a
newspaper and he published something about the governor
(2)
Put on trial,
and the verdict was that if it’s true, it’s not libel
(3)
Freedom of
speech, however, is not absolute
9/27/12
VIII.
French-Indian
War
Culmination
of a series of European wars that spilled over into America from 1689-1783
A.
King William’s
War (America), War of the League of Augsburg (Europe) 1689-1697
1.
Colonial empire
was mostly very little involved, except for some French allied Native Americans
attacking some colonies
2.
Ended with a
treaty that made no changes
B.
Queen Anne’s War
(America), War of Spanish Succession (Europe) 1702-1713
1.
12 Years of
sporadic fighting in America
2.
It was mainly
the colonies (British) fighting between France and Spain over control of the
New World
3.
Britain gained
territory and trade rights
C.
King George’s
War (America), War of Austrian Succession (Europe) 1739-1745
1.
This time the
Americans played a major role
2.
Mainly France
and England were doing to fighting
3.
Americans
captured Louisburg (but the Americas didn’t have a real army, it was a militia)
a)
The British gave
it back to the French in exchange for lands in India
D.
French and
Indian War (America), Seven Years War (Europe) 1748-1760’s
1.
Land speculation
(see if it is the next big thing, so buy it cheap, because when it becomes
popular you sell it for a nice sum of money) in the Ohio region
2.
George
Washington asked the French to leave the Ohio Region
3.
4.
While the
fighting was going on, Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan for an inter-colonial
government called the Albany Plan of Union
a)
Franklin
proposed that the colonists should join together to fight the French
b)
The issue was
who is going to be in charge
c)
Each colony
already had a bit of power with its colonial government and so they felt they
would lose all their power
5.
Join or Die
Picture suggested they could at some future, work together if they had to
6.
British won the
war à Treaty of Paris
a)
Britain gained
all of Canada from France
b)
Gained all the
territory west of the Mississippi river and France lost all of its American
holdings
10/11/12
IX.
“Degrees of
Unfreedom” (sheet)
A.
Indentured
servants
1.
Newcomers would
sell themselves for a few years to work to pay for their passage to the New
World
2.
Kids ages 5-10
and 10-15 had to work until they were 21
3.
Adults with
children under 5 had to sell their children away
4.
Work was hard
5.
Many blacks
started as indentured servants
B.
Black Slavery
1.
Origins of
slavery- race or economics?
2.
Black slaves
were brought to the New World unwillingly, and were sold into slavery for life
3.
They followed
polytheistic African religions, but many were forced to convert
4.
Rules governing
what slaves could and could not do
C.
X.
