Thursday, December 6, 2012

AP US History 1800-1840 Notes

I.               Overview of 1801-1861
A.             The New American Republic, prior to the Civil War, experienced dramatic territorial expansion, economic growth, and industrialization
B.             The increasing complexity of American society, the growth of regionalism, and the crosscurrents of change developed several major themes
1.             Vast territorial expansion between 1800 and 1861 as restless white Americans pushed westward across the Appalachians, the Mississippi, and onto the Pacific Ocean.  Americans, due to land hunger and the ideology of manifest destiny (we should own the land from coast to coast, it is our G-d given right):
a)             Forced the removal of many Indian nations in the Southeast and old Northwest
b)             Acquired a large part of Mexico through the Mexican-American War
c)             Engaged in abrasive, racial encounters with Native Americans, Mexicans, Chinese immigrants, and others
2.             Economic development of the expanding American republic was a complex process that fed growing regional tension
a)             In the North, the first shape of industrialization shows how economic development has profound environmental effects.  The rise of immigrants filled cities.  The transportation revolution, the creation of a market system, and the proliferation of family farming in newly opened territories shows how Americans were often greedy and patriotic at the same time
b)             In the expanding South, slavery was an exploitive and morally corrupt economic and social system.  At the same time, millions of African Americans tried to shape their lives as much as possible through family, religion, and resistance to slavery
3.             The extension restriction and reorganization of political democracy after 1800 shaped the period
a)             The rise of the second party system and modern interest group politics marked the beginning of modern politics in America.
b)             The evolution of political democracy was not a smooth street, as free African Americans were disenfranchised
4.             The rapid transformation and expansion of American society brought forth many issues that needed to be reformed (factory system, slavery, women’s rights)
a)             Ralph Waldo Emerson- “What is man born for, but to be a reformer?”
II.              Jefferson’s Administration
A.             Personal ideology
1.             Envisioned America as a society of rolling hills, farmers, etc. (farming is the backbone of America)
2.             Wanted a central government with minimum control (strict constructionist)
3.             Viewed himself as a man of the people
B.             As President
1.             James Madison- Secretary of State
2.             Albert Gallatin- Secretary of Treasury
3.             Disbanded the Alien and Sedition Acts and reduced the federal bureaucracy
4.             Reduced the size of the army and stopped naval building
5.             Repealed excise tax
C.            Foreign policy
1.             Jefferson sent a messenger to Napoleon to try and purchase New Orleans
a)             Napoleon was in desperate financial trouble, and would only sell all of Louisiana
b)             Jefferson was conflicted- he was a strict constructionist, and the Constitution did not explicitly give the president the right to acquire territory
c)             Advisors told Jefferson to consider it a treaty à Congressional approval
d)             Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new land
2.             Trouble in North Africa
a)             In Morocco and Tunisia, the rulers decided that any ship that wanted to go through the Strait of Gibraltar had to pay a bribe
b)             In 1805, Jefferson sent in a navy and ended this
D.            Vice President Burr- secession
1.             New England Federalists believed their power base was eroding as more people settled out west
2.             Decided to secede from the US
a)             Essex Junto
b)             Decided Burr would be on their side
3.             Hamilton yelled at Burr, they dueled, and Burr killed Hamilton
4.             Burr was arrested as he tried to escape, was tried for treason and was acquitted (even though he killed Hamilton, he was not tried for murder)
E.             Election of 1808
1.             Embargo Act made Jefferson and the Republicans unpopular, and gave the Federalists new life
2.             Madison (Republican) won the election, however the Federalists gained seats in Congress
Madison Administration
III.            Madison
A.             Ultra-brilliant president with no social skills- stubborn, uncompromising, couldn’t apply his smarts
B.             Just before Madison took office, Congress modified the Embargo (the Non-Intercourse Act)
1.             Opened our trade to all nations except France and Britain
2.             Expired in 1810, and was replaced by Macon’s Bill #2
a)             Gave the president to power to prohibit trade with any nation when they violate our neutrality (this gives the president too much power)
C.            #IndianProblems
1.             One the British front, a Shawney chief named Tecumseh decided to unite all the northwest tribes in an attempt to get rid of the settles
a)             General William Henry Harrison went into Tecumseh’s village on Tippecanoe Creek and destroyed the whole village (Harrison later used this as part of a slogan when he ran for president)
2.             One the Southern front, people who lived bordering Florida felt that Spanish Florida should be part of the US
D.            In 1811 there was a strong group, called Warhawks, led by Henry Clay and Calhoun
1.             They kept agitating for war
2.             Finally, on June 1st of 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war
IV.            The War of 1812
A.             Stories/ Battles
1.             The British fleet was coming up the Potomac River, and Dolly Madison took the portraits of the presidents and some silver fro the white house
2.             President refused to leave the White House and he should not desert.  But once the British got very close, he was forced to leave
3.             The Americans expected to lose Fort McHenry.  When Francis Scott Key woke up and saw the American flag still waving above the Fort, he wrote the Star Spangled Banner
4.             The British set the White House on fire, but a rainstorm put the fire out
B.             The Battle of New Orleans
1.             Fought 2 weeks after the treaty had been signed.  Why?
a)             Word travelled slowly and they might not have gotten the memo
b)             Andrew Jackson knew he would win the battle and he thought this would be a way to make a name for himself to fulfill his political agenda
C.            The Federalists had greatly opposed the war
1.             Once the Battle of New Orleans was fought, the Federalists were done
2.             They met in Hartford and began to talk about secession
3.             But, the party was basically gone by now
V.             After the war
A.             Things looked pretty good for America
1.             We were thriving economically
2.             In 1816, the first protective tariff was passed to stop the British from dumping their goods in America (underselling American businesses, forcing them out of business, then raising prices)
3.             Andrew Jackson went into Western Florida (which we acquired after the war) and invaded Eastern Florida, hanged 2 British soldiers, and planted the American flag
a)             This was an embarrassment to Madison
b)             Jackson should have gone to court
c)             Jackson’s popularity saved him
d)             In 1819 Spain finally sold us Florida
4.             Rapid expansion
B.             Meanwhile in Europe…
1.             Napoleon had lost favor in Europe, and countries were trying to regain what Napoleon had taken from them, which made the US nervous because if they gained what they lost in Europe, they might gain what they lost in South America
C.            1816 Monroe elected president
1.             He was elected with only 1 electoral vote opposed (wanted Washington to be the only president voted unanimously)
2.             Since the Federalists were gone, there was basically only one political party
VI.            Era of Good Feelings 1817-1840
A.             Monroe was elected without opposition
B.             Time of growth and expansion
C.            Five Landmark court cases
1.             Marbury v. Madison
2.             Fletcher v. Peck
a)             The Georgia legislature had issued land grants to the Yazoo Land Company
b)             The Yazoo Land Company did some shady dealings, so a legislature tried to take back the land because the company did not deal with the land properly
c)             The case went to the Supreme Court, and they decided that Georgia’s original action constituted a valid contract, which could not be broken (basically, once Georgia gave the land away, it was no longer Georgia’s so they could not take it back)
d)             Importance of this case was that it was the first time a state law was voided over a federal law
3.             Dartmouth v. Woodward
a)             Dartmouth, a private college, ran into financial difficulties and the president of the college wanted to make it a public college, but the trustees wanted to keep it private
b)             The Court ruled in favor of the trustees based on the fact that a charter is the same thing as a contract.  In order to revoke a charter, both sides (the college and the dead British king) need to agree
c)             This case strengthened the federal government at the expense of the states
4.             McCulloch v. Maryland
a)             If you put money in the bank, the bank pays you back with interest.  The bank uses your money to give loans and make investments.  Without depositors, the bank cannot exist
b)             The bank of Maryland was competing with the federal bank in Baltimore, so the state of Maryland decided to put a tax on the federal bank
c)             The case went to the Supreme Court, and it ruled that no state had the right to control an agency of the federal government.  “Since the power to tax is the power to destroy, the state action violated the implied powers, such action violated implied powers, which said that the government has the right to establish a national bank.” -Marshall
5.             Gibbons v. Ogden
a)             The state of NY had given Ogden a monopoly to operate a steam boat between NY and NJ, while Gibbons got a congressional permit to operate in the same water
b)             Ogden sued, because he had the monopoly first
c)             Marshall ruled that the waters were interstate, and the national government controls interstate commerce
d)             Once again, the national government is above the state
D.            Compromise of 1820, the Missouri Compromise
1.             Missouri asked to become a state
2.             At this point, we had in Congress an equal number of slave states and free states.  If Missouri was accepted, the first territory from the Louisiana Purchase to ask to become a state, there would be more slave states than free states
3.             Around the same time, Maine also asked to become a separate state (it used to be part of Massachusetts)
4.             Henry Clay came up with the Compromise of 1820
a)             Missouri will come in as a slave state
b)             Maine will come in as a free state
5.             This was settled, but what would happen next time a new slave state wants to enter and there is no free state entering too?
a)             Part of the compromise was that any state north of a certain line (latitude 36 30) from the Louisiana purchase would come in free, and any states south of the line would come in slave
E.             Growth in America
1.             Every 25 years the population was doubling
2.             People kept migrating to the west, and by 1840, 1/3 of all Americans lived west of the Alleghenies mountains
3.             In the 1830’s, there was a resurgence of immigration from the British Isles because of the potato famine
4.             More federal land was put into the private sector
5.             In the south, cotton became king.  There was a tremendous demand for American cotton
6.             Big fishing industries, lumber industries, and fur trade
7.             Robert Fulton created the Steamboat à more river traffic
8.             We began to build roads
9.             Era of Canals
a)             Purpose was to connect east with west so that trade would be smoother and faster
10.          By 1830, NY was America’s largest city, and the country was thriving economically
a)             However, the industrial revolution hadn’t quite reached America until the late 1700s/ early 1800s, when Samuel Slater managed to get a blueprint of the cotton mill à first successful cotton spinning mill
b)             Eli Whitney (cotton gin) also came up with interchangeable parts (you can use the same parts from one machine for another) à assembly line (increased mass production)
11.          Corporation became the typical type of business organization, and we began to develop corporation laws
12.          When there are factories, there are problems
a)             One issue- getting factory help
b)             In Massachusetts, the Lowell System was developed
(1)           The factory managers would go to the small farm communities and offer girls jobs (they were paid less)
(2)           They promised to take care of the girls, but this was a big fat lie- the work was horrific!
(3)           Some of the girls tried to unionize, but that was short lived
13.          Before 1813 there really were no public schools
a)             Schools were either corporate schools or religious schools
b)             Only for boys (women were “unfit” for academic training)
c)             Rich women went to finishing schools where they learned things like embroidery and painting
d)             There were very few colleges, which taught theology, law, and medicine (surgeries at the time were bad- there was no anesthesia and most people died from bleeding to death)
e)             There was an attempt to start a school for the poor (The Lancaster System), the teacher was a disciplinarian, and the older children taught the younger children
14.          We began to believe in cultural nationalism
a)             We needed to develop our own culture- literature, art- and stop copying Europe
b)             Washington Irving, Webster (dictionary)
F.             As all the progress was happening, religion took a backseat à Second Great Awakening
1.             Beliefs like the Enlightenment, Rationalism, Utilitarianism, and Universalism (everybody is the same and religion is divisive) took the place of religion
2.             Thomas Paine wrote The Age of Reason, in which he attacked Christen values (it was poorly written and illogical, but it was a bestseller)
3.             The Second Great Awakening began in 1801 in Caneridge, Kentucky.  The emphasis was on personal salvation and individualistic faith.  This movement included women and free blacks (encompassing more people made it more user friendly).
4.             In the South, they felt the movement encouraged slaves and therefore did not approve
G.            Bad stuff of the era- it wasn’t all good feelings
1.             Tension between north and south
2.             Tension between federal and state governments
12/6/12
Jacksonian Democracy
VII.          Election of 1824
A.             Facts
1.             Four candidates
a)             Federalist party was extraordinarily unpopular
b)             All 4 candidates called themselves Republicans
c)             Each candidate was a favorite son- representing a certain area of the country
2.             This election was the first time the caucuses did not elect the president
3.             First election after property qualifications were removed- you no longer had to own property to vote
4.             Alexander de Tocqueville said “An equality of condition that existed in America existed nowhere else in the world”- with all its flaws, American democracy was still the epitome of democracy
B.             The Candidates
1.             William Crawford was Secretary of the Treasury, he was from Georgia, and if the caucuses were still choosing candidates he would have been chosen
2.             John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, was another candidate.  He represented Massachusetts/ the Northeast
3.             Henry Clay, the speaker of the House, “the Compromiser”.  He came up with the American System, which wanted a tariff on imports to finance extensive internal improvements (he thought the federal government should pay for these improvements).  He represented Kentucky
4.             Andrew Jackson represented the part of the west that was for states rights (Clay represented the west who were more federalists).  Jackson campaigned himself as a war hero (a la Battle of New Orleans)
C.            Jackson won 43% of the popular vote, but because of the 4 way split, he received 38% of the electoral vote (you need one more than half to win, but since there were 4 candidates he did not get more than half of the electoral votes).  He had a plurality (most electoral votes) but not a majority (more than half)
1.             The election went to the House, but according to an amendment only the top 3 candidates go to the House
2.             Clay was #4 and was eliminated from the race, so he released his delegates to Quincy Adams
3.             Once Clay endorsed Quincy Adams, Quincy Adams won, and Clay became Secretary of State
4.             Jackson was so angry, he called it a corrupt bargain and quit the Senate and spent the next four years campaigning and frustrating Quincy Adams
D.            Quincy Adams Administration
1.             Just was not good
a)             Quincy Adams was stubborn and uncompromising
b)             Believed the federal government should pay for internal improvements
c)             Believed in helping the Indians
2.             Jackson opposed him at every turn
VIII.         Tariffs
A.             Tariffs were a BIG issue in this time period
B.             The South
1.             One crop (cotton) economy
2.             The needed to import foreign materials (manufactured goods) at low prices and export their crops
3.             They wanted low tariffs
C.            The North
1.             Becoming more industrial
2.             As they industrialized, they wanted high tariffs to protect their fledgling industries
D.            Combined with tariffs was the issue of states’ rights
1.             Each state cannot make its own tariff
2.             The South began to be outnumbered by the North, and felt that the North was “abusing” them
E.             During this heated issue, a new election occured
IX.            Election of 1828
A.             Quincy Adams supporters called themselves “National Republicans” and Jackson’s party was called “Democratic Republicans”
B.             It was a filthy campaign
C.            Jackson won 56% of the popular vote, and he won the electoral vote by a large margin
D.            Calhoun, of South Carolina, was elected Vice President
X.             Jackson Presidency
A.             After Jackson’s inauguration, Congress passed a new tariff bill which raised the tariff considerably
1.             Harmed the southerners
2.             They were going to support the bill initially and then at the last minute defeat it, which would embarrass the president
3.             The bill passed, the South was pissed, and they called it the Tariff of Abominations
4.             Vice President Calhoun anonymously wrote The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he outlined his theory of the concurrent majority
a)             Provisions
(1)           A federal law which was deemed harmful to the interests of an individual state could be declared null and void within that state by a convention of the people
(2)           A state holding a minority position could ignore a state law enacted by the majority which they consider unconstitutional
b)             It was basically the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions all over again
B.             Spoils system
1.             Basically nepotism
2.             Jackson really believed that untrained common folk could serve in the government
C.            Veto
1.             Jackson vetoed the most bills than any president
2.             Jackson vetoed that Maysville Road Project
a)             A road in Kentucky that would require federal subsidy
b)             Jackson vetoed it because the road was entirely in Kentucky, and was not interstate commerce
D.            Indian Removal Act (p4)
1.             Authorized president to transfer Indian tribes to Western territories (West of Mississippi)
2.             Cherokee Indians had a piece of Georgia that they said did not belong to Georgia but actually belonged to them
a)             Since the land was not under the US, the president did not have the jurisdiction to move them
b)             Worchester v. Georgia
(1)           Marshall ruled in favor of the Indians
(2)           Marshall had no way of enforcing his decision
(3)           Jackson ignored the ruling and forced the Cherokee out à Trail of Tears, where over ¼ of the Indians died on their way west
3.             How could Jackson blatantly ignore a Supreme Court decision?
a)             At that time, most people didn’t care for the Indians, so they didn’t think this was an issue
E.             Webster-Hayne Debate
1.             We had acquired a lot of Western land
a)             Issue: Should we sell the land cheaply or put a high price on it?
2.             Opinions by region
a)             Westerners wanted cheap land
(1)           They wanted to become states, so they wanted to land cheap to populate the west and have enough people to apply for statehood
b)             North wanted high prices
(1)           They didn’t want to lose their power base
(2)           Didn’t want to lose their work force- if land was cheap out west, immigrant workers would leave the factories to go west
c)             South voted for cheap land
(1)           Some western land was good for growing cotton à more slave states
3.             Senator Hayne of South Carolina got up in Congress and spoke in support of cheap land, and hinted to nullification
4.             Webster, representing the NE, skillfully moved the issue away from land policy to the nature of the union and states’ rights within
a)             “The union is indissolvable and sovereign over the individual states.  It is the peoples’ Constitution, the peoples’ government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people.  Liberty and union now and forever, one and inseparable”
5.             Jackson was a states’ rightist, but he drew the line at nullification
F.             Peggy Eaton Affair
1.             Peggy Eaton was the wife of the Secretary of War.  She was his second wife, and her occupation prior to being married to Eaton was questionable
2.             The Calhouns threw a dinner party, and snooty Mrs. Calhoun would not have Peggy at her table
a)             Jackson insisted Mrs. Eaton be invited, but the Calhouns refused
3.             Jackson was asked to say a few words at the party.  He got up and spoke in support of a new, higher tariff and ended quoting Webster
4.             Calhoun resigned his Vice Presidency and threw a hissy fit in South Carolina
a)             Wrote Orders of Nullification, which was approved in South Carolina, and provides for no collection of taxes at the port of Charlestown
b)             Nullified the new tariff of 1833
5.             Jackson ordered a force bill (gives the president the right to enforce something) in which Congress gave him permission to use federal troops to enforce tax collection
6.             Clay suggested gradually rolling back the tariffs
a)             Both sides could claim they won
b)             Jackson could say that the tax was collected
c)             Calhoun could say that the tax was lowered
G.            War against the Bank
1.             Many say Jackson did not understand the Bank, and therefore did not understand the ramifications of his actions
2.             Nicholas Biddle, the director of the Bank, was very conservative and cautious regarding things like interest rates and loans
3.             Jackson felt the Bank was unconstitutional, and that it was an elitist institution. 
a)             He hated the Bank, and when he ran for president in 1832, his platform was that the Bank was unconstitutional and he will get rid of it
4.             Clay (Jackson’s opponent in the election) and Webster came up with a plan to prevent Jackson from getting rid of the Bank
a)             The Bank’s charter was due to expire in 1836
b)             Clay and Webster said that if they could renew the charter early, Jackson would be helpless to destroy the Bank
c)             They managed to get this through Congress, but Jackson vetoed it, leaving the Bank a lame duck agency
5.             Jackson won the election, and destroyed the Bank
a)             He pulled all the federal money out of the federal bank and deposited it in local and state banks
b)             Biddle tightened credit even more (made it more difficult to get a loan) and called in loans, hoping Jackson would give in because the economy would tank and people would pressure the president
c)             Jackson stood firm, and when things got really bad, Biddle had to ease up, and the economy rebounded
6.             In 1836, Jackson ordered a surplus fund (extra money that’s put in a fund for emergencies)
a)             Since the money was put in a fund, it was not going back into the economy and was therefore hurting the economy
b)             Things got so bad, and Jackson issued the Species Circular, which said that all land had to be paid for in hard money (gold), which made the economy even worse
H.            Election of 1836
1.             Jackson opted not to run, and he supported Martin Van Buren (Democrat),  who had been Jackson’s VP after Calhoun
2.             New party- Whigs
a)             The Whig party was basically anyone who wasn’t a Jacksonian Democrat
b)             Henry Clay ran as the Whig candidate, but he was defeated by Martin Van Buren
XI.            Martin Van Buren Presidency
A.             Spent cleaning up Jackson’s mess
B.             Started the Independent Treasury
1.             So the president could never again do what Jackson did
2.             Began operating after Van Buren left office
C.            Election of 1840
1.             Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler for VP (“Tippacanoe and Tyler too”)
a)             Tyler was a former Democrat from Virginia
2.             Democrats nominated Van Buren
3.             It was the largest voter turnout to that date
4.             We were in a depression, and the Whigs stressed the opulent lifestyle of Van Buren
5.             Harrison won the election
XII.          Sum Up of the Age of Jackson 1824-1840
A.             The Age of Jackson was the beginning of the modern 2 party system
B.             Popular politics based on emotional appeal, rather than based on issues
C.            Nominating conventions were started during the time of Jackson
D.            Jackson strengthened the office of the president to such an extent that his enemies called him “King Andrew”
E.             Jackson supported states’ rights, but he drew the line at nullification, which led to confusion in his thinking
F.             Jackson appointed Chief Justice Taney
1.             Charles River Bridge Case- Taney ruled that a state could aggregate a grant of monopoly if that original grant had ceased to be in the best interest of the community (overturned Dartmouth case)
G.            Party Philosophies
1.             Democrats
a)             Opposed big government
b)             Opposed modernization because they did not like what came with it (factories and all of that)
c)             Primarily working class, small merchants, and farmers
2.             Whigs
a)             Believed in commerce and industrial development
b)             Believed in banking and corporations
c)             Cautious of westward expansion
d)             Supporters were northern businessmen, manufacturers, and planters
e)             Clay, Calhoun, and Webster dominated the party
H.            The 1830s was a time of economic growth and changing society
1.             Traditional values were challenged
2.             Responses to changing times
a)             Some felt we needed order and control, and if we didn’t have order and control we would lose our values completely
b)             Others believed in reform movements- we had to reform what was already here and fix it (but not get rid of it)
3.             Age of Romanticism
4.             Development of our own literature, art and music
a)             American authors- Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, Hawthorne, Allen Poe
b)             The only American contribution to music at this point was the Minstrel Show- white men who would dress up in black face with white lips and imitate black people
I.               Reform Movements
1.             Transcendentalists
a)             Started in Concord, Massachusetts
b)             Idea was to transcend the institutional Church by being one with G-d
c)             Man is capable of a one on one relationship with G-d
d)             Thoreau
(1)           Was a transcendentalist
(2)           Wrote Walden
(3)           Preached civil disobedience
(4)           Refused to pay taxes for a war he didn’t want (War of 1812) so he went to jail
e)             Ralph Waldo Emerson and Hawthorne were also a transcendentalist writer
2.             Utopians
a)             Tried to create utopian communities in a failing world
b)             Thought that they were helping the common man escape from the impersonalization of industrialization
c)             Utopian Communities
(1)           Brookfarm, Massachusetts was the first Utopian community
(a)           Was like a big commune
(b)           Very short-lived- did not last long
(c)           Hawthorne lived there
(2)           New Harmony
(a)           Founded by Robert Owen
(b)           Attacked religion, marriage, and the idea of private property
(c)           Failed after 2 years
(3)           Nashoba, Tennessee
(a)           Founded by a woman
(b)           Haven for freed slaves
(c)           But it didn’t survive either
(4)           Oneida Community
(a)           Preached free love and open marriage
(5)           Shakers- still exist today
(a)           Started by Anna Lee
(b)           Believed in celibacy
(6)           Amana Community
(a)           Lasted longer than most of the other communities because they were very disciplined
(b)           Strict, rigid community with strict guidelines
(c)           Considered themselves “moralistic”
3.             Mormons
a)             Joseph Smith allegedly had a vision in upstate NY in the 1830s, and he organized the Church of the Latter Day Saints
b)             From the beginning they practiced polygamy
c)             Moved to Missouri, kicked out, moved to Illinois, where Smith was killed and Brigham Young took over and they moved to Salt Lake City (Utah was not part of the US at the time, so they were able to establish themselves there)
4.             Churches were trying to find ways to boost attendance
5.             Temperance
a)             Anti-drink
b)             The movement was more anti-Catholic than it was anti-temperance
c)             In the 1830s there was a huge influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany who were mostly Catholic
6.             Public Schools
a)             A republic cannot exist without education
b)             Schooling system is a good way for social control
(1)           “Americanize” immigrants
(2)           “Protestantize” non Protestants
c)             Wanted to homogenize America
d)             Troy Female Seminary- 1st state supported school (1839)
e)             Perkin School- 1st school for the blind (people with disabilities were seen as stupid)
f)               Oberlin- first coed college
7.             Asylums for the mentally ill
a)             Dorothy Dix was put in a mental asylum so she could write about the conditions
b)             à realization that mentally ill people could be helped
8.             Prison reform
a)             Prisons should not just be punitive to punish criminals but should also be rehabilitative
9.             Feminist/Abolitionist
a)             Seneca Falls Convention 1848- 1st feminist convention
b)             The feminist movement got linked with the abolitionist (anti-slaver) movement, which in some ways killed the feminist movement
c)             William Lloyd Garrison started an Abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator
XIII.          

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