Who were Utopian Socialists?
v Ideas
¨ Equality in social conditions (economic conditions) by the elimination of private property
Ø There will be one social economic class- no rich and no poor
¨ Cooperation is better than the cutthroat competition of the early industrial era
¨ Want to create a better environment for humanity
¨ Voluntary, unforced changes to bring this all about
v Utopians
¨ Henri de Saint Simon 1760-1825
Ø Society should be organized into a cooperative community led by intellectual and industrial leaders
Ø Science and technology should benefit everyone
Ø No need for government
There is no reason government because there is no need for crime because there is nothing to steal if everyone cooperates
¨ Charles Fourier
Ø Wanted voluntary communities based on model communities called phalansteries
Each has 1620 people who work together for common benefits
He hoped that people would see these model communities and want to live in similar communities
Work assignments were rotated so there was no one stuck with a bad job
Ø He had no money to start the phalansteries, but later on Zoe Gatti de Gamond tried it
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¨ Robert Owen
Ø British
Ø If you have a cooperative environment, then people will reveal their natural goodness
Ø He was successful
Established a factory town and New Lanarck
He bought a factory and town where everyone worked cooperatively in a healthy town
Wasn’t completely socialist because Owen still owned the factory and the town
However, this town had very good conditions for workers
Ø New Harmony, Indiana (US) was inspired by Owen
A group of socialists came together expecting to create a beautiful vision of the future, but the people fought, so it was an epic fail
Ø Francis Wright was inspired by Owen as well, and she realized that a socialist society needed control. She set up a model community in Tennessee, and bought slaves who she set free to set up to model community. This too, was a fail
¨ Louis Blanc
Ø The Organization of Work
Government is needed to solve social problems
Competition is the evil
Workers can’t afford to start their own factory, so the state should start workshops and factories, and then turn it over to the workers to let them take charge
¶ Everything is cooperative, and there is no competition à a happy society
¨ Flora Tristan
Ø Wanted socialism and feminism
Liberation of women
Ø Borrowed ideas from Fourier, but added feminism- only absolute gender equality can free the working class and transform civilization
Ø Hands are property
25 million French workers do not own property
People must be recognized for rights even if they do not own property
Ø Wants everyone to live in a society where the workers own the means of production
Ø Wants unions that defend workers and build the rights of workers
Union buildings with training for both young men and women and care for the old, sick, and disabled
Ø Legal equality between men and women with education and vocational training and the right of both to a job
¨ Many women supported socialism because they believed that if society was reordered it would give women equal opportunities
¨ Generally, socialists were a fringe group, seen as impractical— they do lay the groundwork for later attacks on capitalism
How were the Anarchists even more marginal?
v Saw the socialists as lacking in revolutionary fervor
¨ Mostly found in less democratic and industrialized countries (like Russia)
Ø In Britain, France, and Germany, workers did not think they needed a revolution- they expected progress and benefits from government and having the right to vote
¨ Early anarchists
Ø Generally not violent
Ø Wanted to convince people to abolish the state and all social institutions (schools and anything that tells people what to do)
Ø People are good, but they are corrupted by the state and by society
Ø Most people thought that the anarchists were crackpots. They did not have followers, because they were not persuasive enough
¨ Later anarchists
Ø Appeared in Russia, as well as Spain, Portugal, Italy
Ø More radical
Ø Wanted to abolish government through force
Ø Michael Bakunin
Small groups of fanatics (terrorists) will blow up stuff, create havoc, and cause so much violence that the state will collapse
Ø Lev Aleshker
Once government is abolished, there will be no slavery, poverty, weakness, etc
Man will be the center of nature
Everyone will have the freedom to do whatever he or she wishes
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How did Karl Marx’s ideas lead to the creation of Communism?
v On the continent, governments played a major role in industrialization, and financed it, contrary to England where the government had a hands free attitude and let capitalists do the industrializing individually. Thus, Karl Marx’s ideas were not completely new, bizarre, and unheard of.
¨ The government helped develop industries, schools, railroads, etc.
¨ Prussia had government control of certain industries, like coal mines in the Saar
¨ Encouraged joint stock investment banks
Ø Limited liability
If you put money into a corporation, and the corporation went out of business, you lose your investment into the company, and nothing else (limits your losses- the corporation can only take your investment, not your house and your car)
¨ Other differences between England and the continent
Ø Textiles were important on the continent but not as important as heavy industry (make things that are used to produce other things, like machines)
Ø Conservative governments allowed the formation of trade unions to get popular support against the liberals (Bismarck in Prussia and Napoleon III in France)
At first, only “elite” workers like shipbuilders, engineers, and printers had unions
After 1870, socialist parties and socialist trade unions will involve more workers
Ø Otherwise, industrialization on the continent was very similar to what happened in England
v Marx and Engels
¨ Marx was a son of a lawyer
¨ He was an atheist- couldn’t get a job teaching in any university
¨ Met Engels (the son of a rich cotton manufacturer) in Paris, and Engels told Marx about the exploitation of workers and how he was against it
Ø Engels shared with Marx the knowledge of conditions, and Engels gave Marx some money
¨ Both joined the Communist League in Germany 1847
Ø It was a very small group of German socialist revolutionaries
Ø Their (Marx and Engels) statement of ideas = The Communist Manifesto
Engels said Marx got his ideas from the Germans and the French
¶ France- FR showed how transformative a revolutions can be, and French socialists gave the idea of socialism
¶ German- Idealistic German philosophers (Hegel). Hegel’s dialectic (a clash of two opposites giving rise to something new)- change is the result of conflict between antagonistic ideas, and everything changes because of ideas
Ø Marx agreed with Hegel’s idea of conflict between antagonistic forces, but to Marx it is not ideas, but materialist forces that lead to change
v Marx’s History
¨ History is the history of class struggle: oppressed v. oppressors
Ø Earlier struggles à middle class take over from the feudal elite
Ø Now (Marx’s time) the bourgeoisie is dominant, and the oppressed are the proletariat (industrial working class)
Ø Government support the dominant class (now the bourgeoisie)
Ø Prediction: workers will overthrow the bourgeoisies
Bourgeoisie had played a “revolutionary role” because they had taken away all the personal relationship of a worker and his master. Now, the boss views the worker as a source of money, and vice versa. This sets up for the revolution. They destroyed any personal connection between the employer and employee
¨ Seeing the causes of things in the economic relations
¨ Everything is based on material relations
v Marx’s view of the revolution
¨ Stage 1- “Socialism”
Ø Violent overthrow of the government
Ø Proletariat must become the ruling class
Take away all capital (money for investment and means of production) away from the bourgeoisie
Centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state
Increase production as rapidly as possible
They must take away the rights of private property
¶ No private ownership of land- all land belongs to the government, as well as all rents, which go to “public purposes”
¶ Heavy progressive income tax (the richer you are, the higher your income tax is)
¶ No inheritance
¶ National bank with an exclusive monopoly on credit
¶ State controls all forms of transportation and communication
¶ Growth of factories owned by the state
¶ All must work; industrial armies especially for agriculture
Ø Pay was “From each according to his ability/ To each according to his work”
¶ Gradually abolish the difference between town and country
¶ Free education for all children
¨ Stage 2- communism
Ø Gradually, class distinctions disappear
Ø All productions will be in the hands of the whole people
Ø “Public power will lose its political character” because political power is the “organized power of one class for oppressing another”
Once you no longer have classes, you no longer have one class oppressing another
Ø Proletariat will have abolished its own supremacy as ruling class
Ø “From each according to his ability/ To each according to his needs.”
¨ But how will you get from stage one to stage two?
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v Marx
¨ Returned to Germany because he thought his revolution was starting, but he was wrong
¨ Failure of the revolution à exiled to England
Ø Wrote for newspapers, and was supported by Engels
Ø Wrote Das Kapital
Major analysis of capitalism
Ø Spent time organizing revolutionaries
International Working Men’s Association (“First International”)
Organization of trade unionists in France and England
The people within the organization did not agree on certain things. There was a lot of conflict à Marx moved the headquarters to the US, which ended it because it did not catch on in the US
¨ Readings in Sherman- Communist Manifest and The Programme of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1891
v Difference between socialism and communism
¨ Socialism is a belief in getting rid of private property and everybody sharing wealth. It is economic sharing and cooperation under the government’s direction. Communism says that socialism does not go far enough, because the rich people won’t agree to get rid of their wealth. So the working class must make a revolution and force socialism, which will eventually lead to everything being free and no need for government or army.
How did Romanticism and Realism reflect conditions of the 19th century?
v Romanticism- new intellectual movement
¨ Started at the end of the 18th century
¨ Reaction against the Enlightenment and reason
¨ Want to balance reason with feeling, emotion, intuition, and imagination
¨ Popular with Conservatives who idealized a less complex life, traditional religion, etc.
v Romantic Writers
¨ Started in Germany with poets who emphasized emotion and inner feelings
¨ Common themes:
Ø Young maiden dies young
Ø Individualism
Ø Individual vs. society
Ø Stress on heroic
Ø Each state and society has a unique spirit (Geist) à study of history, especially the Middle Ages. Interest in history à nationalism
¨ Tended to wear odd clothes, beards, long hair (kind of hippy ish)
3/7/11
¨ Interest in history à writers reflect nationalism
¨ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Ø The Sorrows of Young Werther
Tragically sad
Ø Later on, Goethe rejected Romanticism and went back to classicism
¨ Thomas Carlyle
Ø His romantic hero transformed society
Ø He wrote history from the point of view of historical men who changed society- these individuals show what a great man could do
Ø Wrote with a focus on great individual men, such as Frederick II of Prussia, Cromwell, and French Revolution
¨ Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Anderson
Ø Wrote fairytales that were from German folk traditions
Ø These fairytales were frightening
¨ Sir Walter Scott
Ø Ivanhoe
Medieval times
Perfect hero and heroine
v Romantic Poets
¨ Percy Bysshe Shelley
Ø Prometheus Unbound
Shelley was an atheist, so he wrote this book about human revolt
Ø Drowned in a storm at the age of 30
¨ Lord Byron
Ø Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
Romantic hero going from event to event fighting
Ø He was a supporter of the Greek fight for independence, and he died fighting (he’s his own romantic hero)
¨ William Wordsworth
Ø Wrote poems about nature and idealized nature
Ø Afraid of industrialization
v Revival of the Gothic
¨ Neo Gothic architecture for castles, cathedrals, city halls, parliaments, etc.
¨ Gothic literature
Ø Edgar Allen Poe’s stories
Ø Mary Shelley- Frankenstein
Ø A
v Romantic Art
¨ Rejects Classicism
¨ Beauty does not depend on objective- art depends on culture
Ø The concept of beauty changes with time and different culture
Ø Beauty depends on the culture
¨ Encourages expression of warmth, emotion, and movement
¨ Caspar David Friedrich
Ø Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon
Man and woman are dwarfed by nature
Gazing off into the distant sun
Mystical
Light and dark
Creates a sense of infinity
Ø Abby Graveyard in the Snow
Very unrealistic
Symmetrical
Good use of light
Romantic view on the medieval period- nature and Christianity
¨ Joseph Malford Turner
Ø Wanted to capture a mood using light and color
Ø Painted 20,000 landscapes that are neither idealized nor realistic
Ø Objects tend to melt into the background
Ø Rain, Steam, and Speed- the Great Western
Creates the illusion of a running train
¨ Eugene Delacroix
Ø “A painting should be a feast for the eye”
Ø Focused on the exotic
Ø Had a passion for color and theatrical movement
Ø Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi
Greece is personified as a woman with an Ottoman man in the background that is a threat to Greece
There is also a dead man with blood- gory characteristic of Romanticism
Ø Liberty Leading the People
Woman is leading the men in the defense of liberalism and nationalism
This is different because it was generally conservatives who supported Romanticism- which shows that some of the Romantics believed in liberalism
Romanticism is used to promote liberalism and nationalism during the revolution of 1830, instead of conservative ideas
3/8/11
v Romantic Music
¨ “Most romantic” of the arts, because it affects the emotions
¨ Beethoven
Ø Bridge between classicism and romanticism
Early works were classical (his teachers were Haydin and Mozart)
In his 3rd symphony Eroica, he said, “I am making a fresh start”
¶ Becomes much more emotional
¨ Hector Berlioz
Ø Program music- used instruments to depict actions and emotions in a story
Ø Symphonie Fantastique- tortured love affair
Ø Very dramatic music
¨ Romantic music continued to dominate throughout the 19th century, even during the period of realism. Romantic music continued the romantic tradition
¨ New German school
Ø Emotional content emphasized over abstract form
Ø Broke the strict forms of classicism
Ø Franz List (Hungarian but followed this style)
Symphonic poem
Didn’t follow usual forms
Sets a poem to music to arouse emotions
Ø Richard Wagner
Dramatic music
Late motif- same music coming back again
Strong nationalist content in his music
“total artwork” includes music, acting, dance, poetry, scenery (putting together a whole show to arouse nationalist emotions)
v Realism
¨ After 1850 (coexists with romanticism)
¨ Materialistic- reflects reality and what’s really going on, rather than an idealized view
¨ Basically the complete opposite of romanticism
v Realistic Literature
¨ Ordinary people in actual situations, rather than larger than life heroes in exotic situations
¨ Less poetry, more prose and novels
¨ Less flowery and sentimental
¨ Goal is often social reforms
¨ Gustave Flaubert
Ø Madame Bovary
Shows the suffering of the lower classes
Reflects hatred of the bourgeoisie and how the upper classes are hypocrites
¨ William Thackeray
Ø Vanity Fair- A Novel Without a Hero
Also reflects the suffering and miserable lives of the lower class
¨ Charles Dickens
Ø Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations
The brutal lives of the urban poor
v Realistic Art
¨ Make people realize how hard some things can be
¨ Gustave Courbet
Ø The Stonebreakers
Focused on workers chopping up stones. The people are miserable and they are wearing miserable clothing
It’s ugly, and critics hate it, they think art = beauty. But realists want to show real life hardships, even in art
¨ Jean Francois Millet
Ø The Gleaners
Shows poor women picking up the wheat that has been left behind
Also shows the relationship between people and nature (kind of romanticized because the women are better dressed and it does not look as though the women are suffering)
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