AP Euro Wars Chart

WAR	DATE	CAUSE	RESULT	PEOPLE	KEY FACTS
War of the Roses	1455-1485	Fight between the Yorks and Lancasters over the English throne	Henry Tudor (Lancaster) won and started the Tudor dynasty.
Schmalkaldic Wars	1546-1555	Schmalkaldic League was an alliance of Lutheran German princes against Charles V	War ended in a truce.  Peace of Augsberg- rulers of a German region can choose Catholicism of Lutheranism for their region.	Charles was winning at first, but the Henry II of France supported the princes.
French Wars of Religion	1562-1598	Religious issues Nobles, towns and provinces are trying to resist centralization	Edict of Nantes clarified the religious situation with the Huguenots	Duke of Guise Henri of Navarre	St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre War of Three Henries
Spanish Religious Wars (Dutch Revolt)	1566-1648	Dutch revolted because they did not like how Philip was trying to prevent the spread of Protestantism and they also did not like that their tax money was going to Spain	Southern Netherlands (Union of Arras) remain part of Spain, and Spain recognized the independence of the Northern Provinces (Union of Utrecht)	Duke of Alva Duke of Parma William the Silent	Pacification of Ghent
30 Years’ War	1618-1648	France felt surrounded by the Hapsburgs. Spain wanted to recapture the Netherlands. Hapsburgs wanted to get rid of protestants and centralize authority. Immediate cause: Defenestration of Prague	Treaty of Westphalia- German rulers can choose Calvinism, and winning countries gain land.	King Christian IV of Denmark Wallenstein Gustavus Adolphus Cardinal Richelieu	War started religious but ended political and dynastic
English Civil War	1642-1649	Charles needed money to put down Scots revolt, but needed money so he had to call Parliament	Radicals won, king was executed and Oliver Cromwell set up a military dictatorship, with himself as Lord Protector	Cavaliers and Roundheads Oliver Cromwell Rump Parliament
Louis XIV’s Dutch Wars	1643-1715	Louis XIV wanted “natural frontiers”	After 2 wars, France gained very few land (Franche Comte)
War of the League of Augsburg	1689-1697	Louis annexed Alsace-Lorraine, and Stasburg, so other countries formed the League of Augsburg	Treaty of Ryswick- France lost most of its land, but kept Stasbourg and parts of Alace		Economic problems in France made Louis desperate for money to fund the war
War of Spanish Succession	1702-1713	Spanish ruler left the throne of Spain to Louis XIV’s grandson.  Other countries feared a coalition of Spain and France would ruin the balance of power in Europe.	Peace of Utrecht and Treaty of Rastaat- Philip became the ruler of Spain, but the thrones of France and Spain could never unite.  Prussia gained respect, and England gained a lot of land (Gibralter and America).	John Churchill	Importance because of international cooperation
War of Austrian Succession	1740-1790	Prussia seized Silesia from Austria (Maria Theresa), defying the Pragmatic Sanction	Treaty of Aix la Chapelle- status quo except Prussia kept Silesia
Seven Years’ War	1756-1763		Treaty of Hubertsburg- status quo and Prussia kept Silesia Treaty of Paris- France lost its N. American possessions to Britain	Switch sides- Austria and France were allies in this war	Russia was allied with Austria (and they were winning) but then switched sides
French Revolution	1789-1799	Monetary problems à calling the estates general	Thermador Reaction, Directory	Louis XVI, Robespierre, Danton, Jacobins, Gironde, Mountain,	Storming the Bastille, women’s march to Versailles, Tennis Court Oath, National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention, Paris Commune, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror
Napoleonic Wars	1803-1815	Napoleon wanted to expand the French Empire and rule over more territory	Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo. Congress of Vienna- balance of power, legitimacy, conservatism, created the Concert of Europe.	Napoleon Bonaparte	Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, Duchy of Warsaw.  When Napoleon conquered an area, he would proclaim French Revolutionary ideals
French Revolution 1830	1830	King Charles X issued the July ordinances, which limited the power of the people and increased the power of the king and aristocrats à July Revolution	Louis Philippe became king and promised to abide by the 1814 constitution
French Revolution 1848	1848	Banquet was held to discuss ideas, but the government banned it à revolt for UMS and a new constitution.  Workers revolted also when the National Workshops were closed	New constitution 1848 with unicameral legislature and a president, Louis Napoleon
Crimean War	1853-1856	Ottoman Empire was weak and the powers wanted to see what they could take.  Immediate- Russia wanted to protect Christians in Palestine, but France had that right already	Suffering and death (Florence Nightingale) Russia gave up land and control of the Black Sea, and realized they needed to modernize France gained prestige Ended the Concert of Europe
Wars of Italian Unification
Wars of German Unification	1871	Bismarck fought three wars to isolate Austria and France and gain territory to create a unified Germany	A unified Germany was created		Danish War Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War
1st Balkan War	1912-1913	Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece, who organized a Balkan League to defeat the Ottomans	Received provinces of Macedonia and Albania
2nd Balkan War	1913	The Balkan League could not decide on how to divide the conquered Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Albania à Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the OE attacked Bulgaria	Bulgaria only obtained a small part of Macedonia, and the remainder was divided between Serbia and Greece
World War One	1914-1918	Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism.  Trigger: murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Paris Peace Conference/ Congress of Vienna.  Germany received full blame for the war and had to pay reparations.  Eastern European nations received national self-determination.  League of Nations was created.	German generals von Ludendorff and von Hindenburg
Russian Revolution	1905, 1917
World War Two	1939-1945	Hitler wanted Lebensraum- room for Germans to live and expand.  Trigger: Hitler invaded Poland	The Allies defeated the Axis powers.  Germany was split into four zones, E. Europe had national self determination but that had to be pro Soviet, United Nations was created	Hitler, Mussolini, Churchill,	Blitzkrieg, Holocaust, appeasement, nuclear weapons,